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The reproductive stage of rice is vulnerable to heat stress, which reduces spikelet fertility and yield. Auxin significantly influences reproductive development, hence the research aimed to enhance spikelet fertility and grain attributes in rice plants by exploring the application efficiency of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under heat stress. This study investigated the effects of IAA (10 μmol L−1) and NAA (100 μmol L−1) on spikelet fertility rate in six rice genotypes during the flowering stage. Compared to the heat stress (HS) treatment, the spikelet production rate and grain yield per plant were higher by 61.16%, 37.25%, and 33.07%, and 72.84%, 44.48%, and 32.71% in control, HS + NAA, and HS + IAA treatments, respectively. In addition, panicle weight, primary branches number panicle−1, and 1000-grains weight were significantly (p < 0.05) improved with HS + IAA and HS + NAA application under heat stress conditions. Auxin application enhanced photosynthetic and transpiration rate, while contrarily, leaf temperature diminished. The higher photosynthetic rate showed positive relationships with spikelet fertility (r = 0.64) and yield plant−1 (r = 0.63). Additionally, leaf temperature had a strongly negative correlation (r = −0.81) with the spikelet fertility rate. The application of auxin increased the number of filled grains panicle−1, which showed a positive relationship (r = 0.75) with grain yield plant−1. The variation of spikelet fertility rate among genotypes was dependent on the variety tolerance rate. Overall, these findings indicate that exogenous auxin application can mitigate the negative impact of heat stress on rice and improve spikelet fertility and grain yield.

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The relative the maximum agronomical phosphorus use efficiency was recorded (18.0 kg/kg) with the T8F1 treated plot. While the physiological efficiency was higher (205.8, 204.9, 204.8 and 200.9 kg/kg) with the application of T12F1, T6F1, T14F2 and T13F1 treated plots, respectively. The phosphorus use efficiency was maximum (40.8 kg/kg) with the application of T8F1. Highest net monetary returns from maize were (T8, 58390 /h followed by (T5, 57817 /ha), (T10, 55756 /ha) and (T14, 55348/ha). The highest net returns from green gram 76808 per hectare with B:C ratio of 3.8 was observed under the treatment T8F1 followed by treatment T8F2 with net returns of 69676 per hectare and B:C ratio of 3.4. The lowest net realization of 14905 and 14818 per hectare and B:C ratio of 0.7 was noted under T2F1 and T2F2 plots. on the basis of maize equelvent yield the maximium net returns was recorded under treatment T8 131632 follwed by T10, 119881 and T14, 117446 while B:C ratio was higher under treatment T10 (3.1) fallowed by treatment T8 (3.0). The highest balance of available P2O5 was recorded after harvesting green gram with the addition of (T8F1) and (T8F2) treatments respectively fallowed (T7F2), (F5F1), and (T5F2) treatments respectively.

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