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Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are physical embedded systems with enhanced operations for monitoring, coordination, control, and integration by a computing and communication core. 1 Examples of CPSs include transportations systems, 2 medical systems, 3 and manufacturing systems. 4 A CPS can be security-critical, safety-critical, or both. A CPS communicating with the outside world and thus opening an attack vector through the communication channel is considered to be a security-critical CPS. On the other hand, a CPS is considered to be safety-critical if it can harm its environment, eg, a malfunctioning autonomous vehicle might harm its passengers. 5 A CPS dealing with both security and safety concerns is considered to be a security-and safety-critical CPS.Contemporary systems and software engineering methods often prove inadequate for the trustworthy and reliable design and engineering of CPSs. Traditional engineering deals with security and safety issues as separate problems. However, given the coordination and communication J Softw Evol Proc. 2020;32:e2239. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/smr answers some important research questions about Robot Operating System (ROS), eg, what are the required characteristics and thresholds for a ROS-based architecture, what safety assumptions are defined during the safety case definition, what ROS aspects are relevant for cross reuse and for its certification, and what is the impact of adding secure communications implementation to a ROS-based component. The paper also analyses functional safety, impact of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption mechanism and timing constraints-required for assuring a secure communication between components as suggested by the ISO 26262-of the proposed prototype.We hope this special issue serves as a drop in the ocean of knowledge on improving the state of the art regarding security and safety of CPSs.

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