This chapter elaborates on the general thought process behind Society 5.0 and lists the relevant nomenclature. As per the Japanese government literature, Society 5.0 should be one that, "through the high degree of merging between cyberspace and physical space, will be able to balance economic advancement with the resolution of social problems by providing goods and services that granularly address manifold latent needs regardless of locale, age, sex, or language." The vision

This chapter overviews the history of smart city and smart community projects implemented in Japanese cities since Japanese national government had initiative through the subsidies and supports for the pilot projects promoted by municipalities following the Kyoto Protocol. It reviews that the original technologies of smart grids, microgrids, and smart house, which were created by integrating IT with the energy management system, have been implemented into the pilot projects of the first generation of smart community in 2000s under the condition that Japan has lagged behind in the electricity market liberalization compared with the EU and the USA. Sections 3.3 and 3.4 review the social background and the process for national government to promote the pilot projects and the energy-conscious policymaking in the local cities in Japan. It summarizes the achievements of the first-generation pilot projects for constructing CEMS-based smart community in 2000s, and characterizes the next-generation smart city models based on the energy management system implemented in 2010s with initiative by private sectors. Section 3.4 explains that Japanese national government has had initiative to activate not only the pilot projects but also policymaking in municipalities following the concept of sustainable urban development and the SDGs. Section 3.5 characterizes the trends of smart city in Japanese cases with the comparison of cases of the EU and the USA. It suggests on the directionality of the future smart city shifting from the top-down type with initiative by government or big companies to bottom-up type with citizen-oriented technology based on the concept of "Society 5.0."

No abstract

Copolymerization of various monoisocyanates with ethylene oxide was attempted in relation to the alternate copolymerization of phenyl isocyanate with ethylene oxide by tri ethylaluminum catalyst. It was found that aliphatic and alicyclic isocyanates are not copolymerizable at all while many of aromatic isocyanates give the copolymer. The copolymer obtained was supposed to be alternate one. As to the substituted phenyl isocyanates, it was shown that ortho-substituted isocyanates give the copolymer in high yield, with one exception: 0-anisyl isocyanate. There is no relation between the copolymer yields and HAM-METT'S substituent constants. These results suggest that triethylaluminum may preferentially coordinate with the oxygen atom rather with the nitrogen of the isocyanate group and that the coordination of the catalyst with the substituent may also occur. These expectations were confirmed by the infrared technique and the copolymer structure. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Die Copolymerisation verschiedener Monoisocyanate rnit Athylenoxid wurde im Zusammenhang mit der alternierenden Copolymerisation von Phenylisocyanat mit Athylenoxid durch Triathylaluminium als Katalysator untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dal3 aliphatische und alicyclische Isocyanate nicht copolymerisierbar sind, viele der aromatischen Isocyanate jedoch Copolymere geben; es wird vermutet, dal3 es sich um alternierende Copolymere handelt. Bei den substituierten Phenylisocyanaten wurde gezeigt, dal3 die orthosubstituierten Isocyanate Copolymere in hoher Ausbeute ergeben, ausgenommen ist nur das o-Anisylisocyanat. Es besteht keine Beziehung zwischen der Ausbeute des Copolymeren und den HAMMETTschen Substituenten-Konstanten. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dal3 sich das Triathylaluminium vorzugsweise mit dem Sauerstoffatom und nicht mit dem Stickstoff der Isocyanatgruppe koordiniert und dal3 sich die Koordination des Katalysators mit dem Substituenten in gleicher Weise vollzieht. Diese Vermutungen wurden durch die Ergebnisse der Infrarotspektroskopie und die Struktur des Copolymeren gestutzt.

Recently, the importance of Transit-Oriented Development(TOD) of cities based around railway stations is being emphasized. This study aims to evaluate and classify 152 railway station areas from the viewpoint of Transit-Oriented Development by analyzing the target areas located in a 30km circumference surrounding Central Tokyo. By using the Principal Component Analysis, 4 factors were consequently drawn to evaluate the railway station areas: 1)Integration of urban function, 2)Connection and serviceability of public transit, 3) Change-rate of urban function, 4)Urban self-reliance. As a result of typology, it is possible to classify seven types of railway station areas. Each type's characteristics and problems are clarified through the analysis.