Spleen can have a wide range of anomalies including its shape, location, number, and size. Although most of these anomalies are congenital, there are also acquired types. Congenital anomalies affecting the shape of spleen are lobulations, notches, and clefts; the fusion and location anomalies of spleen are accessory spleen, splenopancreatic fusion, and wandering spleen; polysplenia can be associated with a syndrome. Splenosis and small spleen are acquired anomalies which are caused by trauma and sickle cell disease, respectively. These anomalies can be detected easily by using different imaging modalities including ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and also Tc-99m scintigraphy. In this pictorial essay, we review the imaging findings of these anomalies which can cause diagnostic pitfalls and be interpreted as pathologic processes.

Silica-supported tungsten disulfide was prepared by the reaction of W03/Si02 with H2S at 300 °C. The WS2 hexagonal structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. AES and XPS studies show the existence of residual tungsten oxides in addition to WS2. Hydrogen evolution properties of WS2/Si02 were determined by catalytic and photocatalytic (in the presence of fluorescein or CdS as sensitizers) tests and by electrochemical measurements. These were compared with silica-supported platinum. Although a graphite electrode immersed in a Pt/Si02 slurry evolved hydrogen at a more positive applied potential than in a WS2/Si02 slurry, silica-supported tungsten disulfide was more active and stable than Pt/Si02 for catalytic hydrogen production both in the dark and under visible light illumination (with cadmium sulfide as a sensitizer).

Electrodes based on deposlted-metal thin films are described and evaluated for thin-layer electrochemistry. The application of such electrodes for controlledpotential and controlled-current techniques is demonstrated for several model systems. Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared transmission experiments are reported, and a unique fluorescence application is described. Minimum edge-effect, spectroscopic utility, ease and rapidity of construction, and minimal cost are seen as the principal advantages over previous designs.

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Use of albendazole medication as an adjuvant to percutaneous treatment of liver hydatid cyst decreases the recurrence rate. Although there is no statistically significant difference between groups 2 and 3 in terms of efficacy and recurrence rate, patients in group 3 had a higher rate of side effect. Therefore, we conclude that albendazole treatment 1 week before and 1 month after PAIR treatment is sufficient to reduce/prevent recurrences.