The evolution of the new technology supports the online transactions to be held with the assistance of different payment cards. Credit card frauds have become increasingly rampant in living years and critical for banks to enhance fraud detection so as to protect their cardholders from financial loss. The simple way to detect such kind of fraud is to decipher the spending pattern on each card and to highlight any irregularity with respect to the "standard" spending pattern. In this paper we try to review Hidden Markov model which works on such technique. The HMM, trained with the normal behavior of a cardholder needs an enough number of normal transactions and fraud transactions for learning fraud patterns. To make it more effective we have enclosed the provision of determining the IP address of intruder machine along with its time stamp. The simulation analysis include different real dataset to identify the fraud and discover the intruder. Form our model it is proven that it works with more efficiency than existing models.

ABSTRACT:The paper proposed a colour image watermarking scheme based on the encrypted watermark with QR code and DWT. In this research, we are working on the security enhancement of image watermarking technique with the latest QR codes. The proposed methodology making image watermarking system more secure and robust adding encryption of watermark being embedded in cover image. The advantages of our proposed methodology is the watermark is completely invisible in cover image as well as the encryption process is quite simple but robust in nature .The recovered watermark is about nearest the main watermark. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm enhances the anti-attack capability and the hidden nature of the image, increases the security of the watermarking detection, and has maximum robustness to cutting, random noise attack and JPEG compression.

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Image retrieval is a technique of accessing texts or images from the web. Although there are various techniques implemented for the image retrieval such as using content based or tag based. Hence by using the technique for the image retrieval can be used in various fields. Tag based Image retrieval is a technique also used for the efficient retrieval of images [1]. Although the technique is efficient but it provides less accuracy, hence for the better access of the image retrieval based on tags segmentation is done and then matrix is generated to classify the images and hence can be retrieved in more accurate manner.

Feature Extraction is a process of extracting the point from the image such that the image can be compared and recognized easily and quickly. Since various feature extraction techniques are implemented so that it can be used for variety of applications such as face recognition. The existing technique implemented for the extraction of features such as SIFT, SURF are efficient in terms of accuracy of number of features extraction but can't extracted all features from different types of images. Hence an efficient technique is implemented here for the efficient features extracted from images using combinatorial method of optimizing SIFT features extraction technique so that more number of features can be extracted.