This paper aims to analyze the effect of poverty on migration by using the IFLS 2000 and 2007 data. The results of binary and multinomial logistic regressions on all adults, adults in urban areas, and adults in rural areas show that the poor are less likely to migrate than the non-poorexcept for the case of urban to urban migration, where the poor are more likely to migrate than the non-poor. The results for other economic characteristics such as total value of assets and land ownership for farming consistently show that better economic conditions lower the probability to migrate. Keywords: Poverty, Migration, Urban Migration, Rural Migration, IFLS AbstrakStudi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kemiskinan terhadap migrasi dengan menggunakan sampel individu 15 tahun ke atas dari data Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Indonesia (SAKERTI) tahun 2000 dan 2007. Hasil regresi logistik biner dan multinomial menunjukkan bahwa untuk semua individu, baik individu di perkotaan maupun di perdesaan, peluang orang miskin untuk bermigrasi lebih kecil daripada yang tidak miskin. Namun, untuk individu di perkotaan, ditemukan bahwa peluang orang miskin untuk bermigrasi dari perkotaan ke perkotaan lebih besar dibanding yang tidak miskin. Hasil regresi untuk karakteristik ekonomi lainnya seperti total nilai aset dan kepemilikan lahan pertanian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekonomi yang lebih baik menurunkan probabilitas bermigrasi.

Indonesia has ratified the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and guarantees freedom of religion or belief (FoR). However, violations of FoR in Indonesia remains occur after 2015. This paper analyses this issue using the concept of norms localization which assumes that the implementation of international norms is the main factor that affects Indonesia’s effort to implement the FoR. There is a gap between international norms, that is Article 18 of the ICCPR and the Indonesia’s positive law regulating FoR. In addition, the characteristics of religious demography and religious behaviour of Indonesian people affect the implementation of FoR. As a result, the implementation of the norms by local actors such as the National Commission of Human Rights (Komnas HAM) is diminished. This paper concludes that in implementing the norms the government interprets the social and political context at societal level. The government is oftently forced by certain groups so it could be the potential violator of the FoR regulations that has been agreed upon.

Pneumonia is an infection on the lung tissue that caused the lung would not be able to work properly. The first-line choice of therapy in pneumonia is using cephalosporin class of antibiotic which are ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Both of those therapies have significant difference in cost, so that a pharmaceconomic analysis needs to be done using the cost-minimization analysis (CMA) method.  This research to analyze minimization cost of antibiotic ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in adult pneumonia patients with cured outcomes in inpatients at RSUD Provinsi NTB in 2018. The research was conducted from July to August 2019. The sampling technique in this research was total sampling with 18 samples. The data used is retrospective in 2018. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime cost-minimization analysis using comparison of the total cost calculation showed that cefotaxime therapy is more cost-minimized  Rp 1.297.829 or 26,1% than ceftriaxone therapy. There was a significant difference between hospitalization cost and drug cost for the ceftriaxone and cefotaxime drug groups using the t-Test with p < 0.05. Keywords : pneumonia, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cost-minimization analysis

Background: The high number of adolescent complaints related to dental and oral problems is related to the level of knowledge of adolescents in maintaining dental and oral health. Chewing xylitol gum is an alternative that has been proven to be quite effective in cleaning teeth from debris and plaque. Objective: This study aims to analyze the knowledge of students of junior high school PGRI 10 South Jakarta before and after being given education about chewing gum containing xylitol. Methods: This type of research is a quasi-experimental. The sample in this study amounted to 62 students, conducted in April 2022. Data collection by distributing pre-test and post-test questionnaires to measure knowledge before and after being given education about chewing gum containing xylitol. Data analysis using paired sample test. Results: Before the education was conducted, there were 9 students in the good knowledge category with a percentage of 14.5%, in the sufficient knowledge category there were 31 students with a 50.0% percentage, in the poor knowledge category there were 22 students with a 35.5% percentage. After education, there were 61 students in the good knowledge category with a percentage of 98.4%, in the sufficient knowledge category there was 1 student with a 1.6% percentage, in the poor knowledge category there were no students with a 0% percentage. The comparison of the average pre-test score is 6.05 while the total post-test average score is 9.40 with a p-value of 0.001. Conclusion: Education about chewing gum containing xylitol is effective in increasing the dental health knowledge of junior high school students.

No abstract