The present paper reviews the most recent advances regarding the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on soil microbial communities. Based on the results from the articles considered, some details are presented on how the use of various types of fertilizers affects the composition and activity of soil microbial communities. Soil microbes have different responses to fertilization based on differences in the total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in the soil, along with soil moisture and the presence of plant species. These articles show that the use of chemical fertilizers changes the abundance of microbial populations and stimulates their growth thanks to the nutrient supply added. Overall, however, the data revealed that chemical fertilizers have no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. Instead, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungal species was sensitive to fertilization and was mainly attributed to the changes in the soil chemical properties induced by chemical or organic fertilization. Among the negative effects of chemical fertilization, the decrease in enzymatic activity has been highlighted by several papers, especially in soils that have received the largest amounts of fertilizers together with losses in organic matter.

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The present study describes the results of air quality analysis and surfaces inside the Orthodox Church in Oradea City, Romania, a wooden monument (BH-II-m-B-20958), originally built in the village Letca from Sălaj County and displaced in 1991 to the campus of the University of Oradea. The paper focuses on the degree of microbial and fungal contamination of surfaces and air inside the wooden church. It also identifies various microbial species with potential risk on the health of parishioners and those in charge of maintaining the halidom.

This study is an attempt to monitor the indoor microclimate and the microbiological contamination of some indoor objects inside a wooden Orthodox church. Standard microbiological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the fungi present in the dust of the superficial surface of the paintings chosen to be investigated for biodeterioration. Samples were taken from approximately 1 cm 2 of the surface of the analysed paintings (cotton canvas, wood, on primer) using the cotton swab method. The cultures of fungus isolated from the studied paintings were identified based on their morphological and microbiological characteristics. The identity of isolates was established, based on the smear microscopic examination, using the lactophenol blue cotton staining procedure. Based on the morphological characteristics of conidiophores, the following fungal genera were determined to be present in the dust of the studied paintings: Streptomyces sp., Arthrographis sp., Beauveria sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., and Streptomyces sp. The current state of paintings, influenced in time by temperature, humidity, brightness, microbial contamination, and other factors, was investigated and mapped. The detailed analysis contributes to the conservation stage of the historic monument investigation, enhancing the existing data in the environments destined for the conservation of valuable objects. The continuous monitoring of the indoor microclimate, together with the maintaining of good hygiene, cleaning conditions and proper ventilation, could successfully contribute to the slowing down of painting degradation within the wooden church monument.

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