Drylands are of high ecological vulnerability due to low vegetative cover and erratic and torrential rainfalls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of different sources and rates of soil moisture retainers in the establishment of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L) in a micro watershade system of rainwater. A randomized block design with three replications was used. Four hydrogel doses: 0, 5, 10 and 15 kg ha -1 and two vermicompost doses: 0 and 40 t ha -1 , were tested. The dose effect of the hydrogel was independent of vermicompost dose effect, on soil moisture retention and the growth and development of the plant. The soil moisture values when 5, 10 and 15 kg hydrogel ha -1 were applied (25, 23.2 and 23.4 %, respectively) were higher (P0.05), than the control (17.5 %) 241 d after sowing (das). However, there were not statistical differences among doses of hydrogel other than the control. A similar effect was found at 346 das; but not to 372 das, where the effect was lost. Plant emergency was significantly higher (47.7 %) when 15 kg ha -1 of hydrogel were applied, compared to the control (29 %) (P0.05). Plant height and weight of dry matter and a higher photosynthetic activity were significantly greater in treatments with hydrogel than in the control; there were not statistical differences among doses. Finally, the application of 40 t ha -1 vermicompost significantly increased the moisture content in the soil and a higher amount of buffel grass dry matter.
Palabras clave: química del agua, cationes, metales pesados, contaminación química RESUMEN La Comarca Lagunera es un área agrícola que hace uso intensivo de los recursos suelo y agua, éste último de alto impacto por la escasez del mismo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue hacer una valoración de la calidad química del agua de riego de pozo profundo en campos productores de maíz forrajero en la Comarca Lagunera, México. Se realizaron cuatro muestreos de agua durante los meses de abril, mayo, junio y julio del 2014. Se midió conductividad eléctrica (CE) en mS/cm, dureza del agua en grados franceses (ºf), así como concentraciones de los cationes Ca +2 , Mg +2 , Na + y K + en meq/L y metales pesados Cd, Pb y As en mg/L. La salinidad del agua en la Comarca Lagunera medida en términos de CE es de alto a muy alto, con valores de 1732 y 3386 µS/cm, en tanto que la sodificación expresada en Índice de Absorción de Sodio (IAS) es medio con un valor de 3.66 meq/L, la dureza del agua varió de dura a muy dura con promedio de 50.47 y 114.00 ºf, respectivamente. Las mayores concentraciones de elementos químicos presentes en el agua de riego procedente de pozo profundo fueron Ca +2 , Mg +2 y Pb, principalmente el último. Sin embargo, el Cd y As también rebasaron los límites máximos permisibles por la norma oficial del agua para uso agrícola (SCFI-2001 y NOM-117-SSA1-1994), con el consecuente riesgo para la salud y el ambiente.Key words: chemical of water, cationic elements, heavy metals, chemical contamination ABSTRACTThe Comarca Lagunera region from Mexico is an agricultural area which makes intensive use of soil and water resources, this latter of high impact due the it´s scarcity. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical quality of irrigation water from deep wells in producing fields of fodder maize in the Laguna region, Mexico. Four samplings were conducted in April, May, June and July 2014. The variables measured were the electrical conductivity (EC) in mS/cm, water hardness in French degrees (ºf), cations Ca +2 , Mg +2 , Na + and K + in meq/L, as well as heavy metals Cd, Pb, and As, in mg/L. The salinity in
ABSTRACT. The aim was to conduct a residual analysis of the main cationic elements, heavy metals and arsenic in irrigated maize fodder production. Four soil and maize plant samplings were conducted in eight sites in April, May, June and July, 2014. Ca, Na, As, and Pb concentrations were higher in the soil. The As concentration was higher in June and July. La Purísima had a higher As concentration, while Bermejillo, La Galicia and La Rosita had a higher Ca concentration. K, Ca, Pb and Zn had higher concentrations in the maize plant, with Ca, Na and K having higher values in July and Mg, Pb and Zn being higher in May and July. The content of Ca, Mg, Na and K did not dier among regions; arsenic was higher in Leon Guzmán and La Rosita.
Un criterio para estimar la dosis de aplicación de biosólidos en suelos agrícolas es el nitrógeno disponible y el requerimiento del cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la disponibilidad de nitrógeno de dos biosólidos generados a partir de sistemas de tratamiento diferente y su efecto sobre el rendimiento de aceite a partir de semilla de Ricinus communis L. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres fuentes de nitrógeno (N) y tres dosis, además de un testigo sin N. Las fuentes de N fueron: sulfato de amonio (SA), biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA). El SA se consideró como un testigo comercial. Las dosis de N fueron de 0, 3.79, 5.65 y 7.52 g maceta-1, que corresponden a 67%, 100% y 133% del requerimiento de N del cultivo (RNC), respectivamente. Se estableció el experimento en invernadero bajo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones, donde la unidad experimental fue una planta por maceta. La disponibilidad de nitrógeno se estimó mediante el método de equivalencia de fertilizante (EF). La materia seca (MS) fue estadísticamente similar entre los tratamientos, siendo diferentes del testigo (p< 0.05). La MS y la extracción de N mostraron una respuesta cuadrática en función a las dosis de N aplicado. La disponibilidad de N fue de 40.4 y 34.8% para los BLA y BLO, respectivamente.
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