In this randomized controlled trial, lubiprostone seemed to be well tolerated and effective for the short-term treatment of constipation in PD.

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Granuloma annulare (GA) is a difficult-to-treat granulomatous skin disorder characterized by multiple annular, raised, and erythematous lesions. While numerous therapies have been proposed, there is currently no clear gold standard of treatment.We present a series of five patients with biopsy-proven generalized GA who were treated with pentoxifylline and oral vitamin E. Each patient in this series had at least a one-year history of GA refractory to other treatments. After three months of treatment, four of the five patients demonstrated objective improvement in their lesions through before and after clinical photographs. No patients suffered any adverse events on this treatment regimen.As our series has demonstrated modest benefits in concurrence with previously published studies, we recommend combination therapy with pentoxifylline and vitamin E as a strong contender for first-or second-line treatment for generalized GA. Pentoxifylline and vitamin E are advantageous for their tolerability, cost-effectiveness, minimal drug interactions, and convenience.

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