Blood transfusions represent a key life-saving practice for the management of hemorrhage in emergency medicine and a commonly performed procedure in hospital settings. The ability to store and utilize the various components of blood, while avoiding adverse reactions and ensuring public health, is due to many historical research advances and refinements in our understanding of the circulatory and immune systems. This article will review the historical development of blood transfusion practices including the initial descriptions of animal-human transfusion, the first implementations in patient care and the translation into a widely used emergency procedure.

Canada represents a global leader in refugee resettlement, having embraced an identity of multiculturalism that promotes the acceptance of newcomers. A crucial factor in facilitating post-arrival integration of newcomers into Canadian society is the maintenance of good health through the provision of adequate health care services. Throughout the past century, there has been an increase in the number of refugees in Canada, beginning largely in the post-World War period and extending into the second half of the twentieth century. This influx has required the development of health care systems and coverage specific to unique post-arrival medical needs of refugees. The history of refugee health care has been shaped by both policy and advocacy on behalf of refugees, resulting in a larger breadth of coverage today than ever before. This article summarizes the evolution of health care services provided to refugees, challenges that particular populations of refugees have faced in accessing care, and suggestions for continued improvements in refugee access to health care services.