Results indicated that administration of morphine as a constant-rate IV infusion at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg/h induced effects similar to those obtained with administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hours in dogs undergoing laparotomy. Panting was attributed to an opioid-induced resetting of the hypothalamic temperature set point, rather than respiratory depression.

SufmmryMets/dehyde and methiocarb are two snail baits (molluscicides) which are commonly ingested by dogs and cause rapid onset of severe neurological symptoms. Rapid and appropriate treatment is essential for patient survival. This paper summarizes the literature on treatment of metaldehyde and methiocarb toxicity, based primarily on actual case reports from the past 35 years.There are important differences between metaldehyde and methiocarb in their mechanisms and treatment.Metaldehyde's mechanism is unknown; methiocarb is a carbamate and parasympathomimetic. Pentobarbitone anesthesia and atropine have been the mainstays of treatment in metaldehyde and methiocarb toxicity, respectively; their limitations and disadvantages are discussed. Other drugs and aspects of treatment, such as acetylpromazine, diazepam, gastric Iavage, and hypetihermia, are also discussed.Clinical signs are similar in both types of toxicity, but treatment maybe complicated by the development of hyperthermia and atropine poisoning which also have similar clinical signs.

A retrospective study was done of 26 cases of metaldehyde and 30 cases of methiocarb toxicity in dogs. Physical signs and treatment protocols are described for four stages of toxicity: asymptomatic exposure; initial toxicity; convulsions; and post-convulsions.Diazepam-ketamine combination was used as the primaty anesthetic agent in all cases requiring general anesthesia, and proved effective. Metaldehyde cases required a significantly higher number of sedative and anesthetic doses (p c 0.001). Pentobarbitone was not used. There were no incidents of respiratory or cardiac arrest at the time of anesthesia induction.Emetics, gastric Iavage, and rectal enemas were productive in removing the molluscicide from the gastrointestinal tract. Ninety percent of the methiocarb patients and 69% of the metaldehyde patients were fit for discharge in 12 hours or less, though there was a wide variation. Both metaldehyde and methiocarb groups had a high survival rate, 100% and 93?4.,respectively.

Objective To assess key presenting signs in dogs following Vitis vinifera fruit (VVF) ingestion (grapes, raisins, currants, and sultanas), outcome, and the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). Design Retrospective study (2012–2016). Setting Out‐of‐hours clinics in the United Kingdom. Animals The study population included 606 dogs attending 53 emergency clinics across the United Kingdom following ingestion of VVF. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Vitis vinifera fruits were found in vomit after more than 12 hours after ingestion. There was an increased incidence in December. Serum creatinine or urea was measured in 338 dogs; all were within reference intervals. In this cohort of dogs with VVF ingestion, there is no evidence for significant AKI in 32 of 33 cases within 24 hours of admission where supportive measures were introduced and repeated assessments of creatinine concentration were performed. Conclusions All dogs survived to discharge. One out of 33 cases with repeated creatinine concentration developed IRIS AKI grade I within 24 hours following VVF ingestion, when current emergency treatment guidelines were followed in whole or part.

<p><strong>Clinical bottom line:</strong></p><p>Hypertonic saline appears to be effective in reducing intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury in dogs in experimental studies.</p><p> </p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" />