The pregnancy induced hypertension increase the fetal mortality and morbidity and the using of Doppler umbilical artery indices decrease the fetal mortality and morbidity however, there is few complete data about the most frequently altered Doppler US parameters to predict fetal outcome in pregnancy induced hypertension . Methods This ia cohort prospective study done in two hundred and six women of second and third trimester presenting to antenatal clinic in Soba University Hospital at the department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, in the fetus unit and critical pregnancy in the period From June 2008 to April 2013 to assess the Doppler indices of umbilical artery in pregnancy induced hypertension for prediction of prenatal outcome; 105 pregnancy induced hypertension patients and 101 women with uneventful pregnancies as normal control group included in this study . Baseline investigations and color Doppler of umbilical artery were done. Statistical analysis of data were done using SPSS, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and the area under the curve (AUC) used to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of umbilical artery Doppler indices to predict fetal outcome.Results The study determine that there was significant difference in Doppler indices in PIH and control group ( p<0.01, the mean indices of umbilical artery is higher in PIH group compared with normal pregnancy group , the mean different of S/D ratio was 0.40, mean difference of RI was 0.06 and the mean different of PI index was 0.16, high percentage of adverse fetal outcome had been reported in in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension group than in control , which was more in absent and reversed flow velocity in umbilical artery in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension compared with group of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension with present end diastolic flow velocity. Systolic/Diastolic ratio was most accurate in predicting adverse outcome in pregnancy induced hypertension patients, followed by the Pulastility index then the Resistance index (75%, 66% and 57% respectively).ConclusionThis study concluded that pregnancy induced hypertension leads to worsen placental insufficiently, which appears on the higher Doppler indices of umbilical artery to PIH patients when compared with normal pregnancy. A low diastolic flow and higher indices characterized the pregnancies with abnormal outcomes. Doppler of the umbilical artery was useful to predict fetal well being in PIH patients, high percentage of adverse fetal outcome had been reported in absent and reversed end diastolic flow velocity in umbilical artery compared with group of present flow velocity.

Background: Knowledge of the normal range of spleen size in the population being examined is very important because there are many different pathological conditions that may alter in spleen size. Also, gender, height, weight and BMI of individual, affect the splenic length and could result in incorrect interpretation of splenic measurements, spleen to left kidney ratio is one of recent parameter mention in literature aid in diagnosis of splenomegaly in children.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Khartoum state at Al-Buluk and Gaafar Ibnauf Paediatric Tertiary Hospital during the period from March 2018 to August 2018. A total of 101 children (males and females) with aged ranged 1 month to 5 years included in study. A transabdominal scan was performed, and measurement of spleen and left kidney taken after an ethical verbal consent from their parents, then data analyzed by SPSS, Mean±SD. Deviation for study variables calculated then correlation between patients factors and ultrasound measurements done.Results: The study found that the mean measurements of the normal size of the spleen and spleen to left kidney ratio for children up to five years of age, Splenic length was 7.24±1.12 cm, width was 3.83±0.81 cm , thickness 2.91±0.55 cm and spleen to left kidney ratio was 1.04±0.0.70 ranged (0.86-1.23). The male have larger spleen than female with no statistically significant differences in spleen sizes between the sexes. There was a strong significant correlation between age, weight, height  spleen and left kidney length (p<0.01)respectively and a moderate association with BMI (p<0.05).Conclusions: Spleen and left kidneys was growing rapidly and similarly in infant up to one year of life 1 mm\1 mm for each month and then decreasing growth rate of kidney in relate to spleen for 1 mm growth of spleen kidney grow 0.8 mm in up to five years of age. There was strong significant positive correlation between spleen and left kidney measurement with age, height, weight of individual. The spleen to left kidney ratio for children up to five years ranged (0.86-1.23) with mean 1.04, so if the ratio less or more than this ranged it should be considered in clinical context for diagnosis of splenomegaly or shrunken spleen in children up to five years of age.

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Background: Much congenital and intracranial pathology may affect optic nerve (ON) and caused increased or decreased in size, so the measurement is crucial and aiding in diagnosed of some neurogenic and endocrine disorders. The aim of this study was to measure the normal ON length and diameter by magnetic resonance imaging among pediatric at Khartoum state Sudan.Methods: This was descriptive, cross section study,  done in 100 Sudanese pediatrics with age from 1 month to 15 years came to Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) department for MRI brain at three hospitals in Khartoum state  (Al-Amal national hospital, Al-Zaitona hospital and Modern Medical Center) during the period from December 2019 to March 2020, all of patients had no pathological or medical condition that may affect the orbits and optic nerve (OON), any child with and medical condition or pathology related to orbits excluded from study sampling. The data were collected by data collection sheet designed especially for this study then analyzed.Results: The study found that the mean diameter of ON was 2.06±0.44 mm, the mean length of right ON was 31.54±4.11 mm, there is no significant different in measurement between males and females (p>0.05), there was strong significant correlation between ON length and diameter with children age (r=0.592**, 0.654**, p<0.001 respectively).Conclusions: The study concluded that there was strong correlation between right and left ON diameter and length with age.

Background Increasing numbers of medical schools at Khartoum state with high numbers of medical students with limited teaching hospitals for training, associated with behavioural change of the patients towards accepting the training of medical student's makes simulation based education a best alternative to conventional clinical rounds with real patients. Aims To compare the educational effectiveness between simulations based learning and clinical rounds in hospitals as a method of teaching in obstetrics.