This study evaluates the impact of government social protection interventions on households' welfare in South Africa. The study uses survey data comprising 393 observations and the multinomial logistic regression technique to analyse the effect of government interventions. For robustness purposes, a negative binomial regression model is also estimated, whose resultscorroborates the main results from the multinomial regression model. Our findings show that government economic interventions through social protection significantly reduced the likelihood of a reduction in household income. Covid-19 grant/social relief grant, unemployment insurance, tax relief and job protection & creation were all significant in sustaining household income and consumption during the pandemic. The findings support the use of government social protection in providing a safety net for low-income groups in South Africa.

Higher education institutions (HEI) face several obstacles because of the digital revolution that must be solved for them to play a more and bigger part in innovation ecosystems and economies. Therefore, HEIs and policymakers are always in need of a research administrative structure that is mainly favorable and creates an atmosphere where researchers can generate high-quality research outputs. This study aims to outline the problems that university research management and administration face when trying to promote research, innovation, and commercialization. There will be a study of the existing literature to propose a theory (The Triple Helix Model) that is relevant to this study. The study followed a scoping review of literature that is relevant to the subject matter. Practical answers to the questions will then be used in this framework. According to the research cited in this article, HEIs must set up strategic structures and activities to advise policymakers on how to frame robust support systems for research, innovation, and commercialization.