The location and number of the diaphysial dominant nutrient foramina in 305 specimens of the human lower limb long bones were examined. The diaphysial nutrient foramina on the femur were located at between 26.7-84.4% of the total length; while on the tibia between 11.0-67.2%; and on the fibula between 29.8-67.8% of the total length. The number of the diaphysial nutrient foramina and their distribution on the faces of each bone was also studied.

Introduction Urinary tract obstruction is a pathological condition that can occur with the agenesis of the urinary system, the increase in intraluminal pressure, urinary stones, and infection. This can occur in an obstructed ureter, as well as in both ureters, and this may lead to damage to one kidney or both. The most common cause of unilateral ureteral obstruction in adults is kidney and/or ureteral calculi (1). Upper urinary tract obstructions and treatment spectrum are quite wide pathologies. The level and degree of obstruction and whether it is acute or chronic play an important role in determining the treatment to be planned. Due to the fact that the upper urinary tract obstructions may result in organ loss, they have an important role in urology practice. This obstruction leads to renal parenchymal damage if not eliminated (2). The main purpose of treatment is to maintain the functional reserve of the kidney and/or to provide some recovery by eliminating the obstruction. Experimental studies aimed at preventive treatments for renal parenchymal damage that may occur following Background/aim: The aim was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin, which has antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity, on preventing kidney damage that occurs by induced partial ureteral obstruction in rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-eight adult male rats were included in the study, and the rats were divided into 4 groups. After the laparotomy operation on the sham group, the ureter was identified in the retroperitoneal area and was duly sutured (n = 7). Ghrelin was administered for seven days intraperitoneally, and after the nephrectomy performed on the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed (n = 7). A partial ureteral obstruction was performed after the laparotomy on the PUO group. The rats were sacrificed after the nephrectomy operation performed on the 15th day (n = 7). A partial ureteral obstruction was formed after the laparotomy followed by seven days of waiting in the PUO + ghrelin group. Ghrelin was given in the dose of 10 ng/kg per day intraperitoneally for the next 7 days, and the rats were sacrificed after the nephrectomy operation performed on the 15th day (n = 7). All groups were evaluated for histological damage and catalase, superoxide dismutase, total glutathione, malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase levels were measured in the same tissues. Results: When the 2nd group and the sham group were compared histologically, it was observed that the damage had increased by a statistically significant level in the partial ureteral obstruction group (P = 0.001). When the group which was ghrelin-treated after the partial ureteral obstruction was compared to the group with just partial ureteral obstruction, the histopathological changes were found to decrease significantly in that group (P = 0.001). While the statistical significance of the levels of CAT, GSH, and MPO enzymes was detected among biochemical changes in the 2nd group when compared to the sham group (P < 0.01), the 3rd group showed a statis...

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and location of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) sesamoid bones using computed tomography (CT) images. Patients and methods: A total of 767 hands of 735 patients (503 males, 232 females; mean age: 36.9±17.0 years; range, 18 to 105 years) obtained from picture archiving and communication system were retrospectively analyzed between January 2016 and December 2019. The sesamoid bones of MCP joints I, II, III, IV, and V were recorded. Data including age, sex, side, number, pathologies, and location of the sesamoid bones were recorded. Results: The prevalence of sesamoid bones was found to be 100%, 37.61%, 1.17%, 0.5%, and 80% in MCP I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the sex of the patient and presence of sesamoid bone at MCP II or MCP V (p>0.970 and p=0.176, respectively). The presence of sesamoid bone at MCP II was statistically significantly correlated with the presence of sesamoid bone at MCP V (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the side and sesamoid prevalence in the remaining 703 patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of MCP V sesamoid bone is higher than previous studies from our country. The CT of hand can be used to determine sesamoid fractures and degenerative conditions of sesamoids.

Objective: Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) may have the risk for atherosclerotic disease because of chronic stress, disrupted neuroendocrine axis, high BMI and inflammation. This is study aimed to research the stress and the stress-related diseases in patients with FMS by measuring obesity, morning serum cortisol level, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), which is the early indicator of the atherosclerosis. Methods: This is a case-control study. It is included 57 patients who were diagnosed with FMS according to 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria and visited the outpatient clinic in February 2016. As a control group, 36 healthy females who visited the outpatient clinic in the same month were included. Carotid intima-media thickness and cortisol levels were analysed. Results: The present study included 93 females (between 15 and 79 years old) in total. The mean age of the 57 females with FMS and 37 healthy females was 44.5 ± 10.6 years and 47.9 ± 18.5 years, respectively (p = 0.260). The mean CIMT value of the FMS and control groups was 0.64 ± 0.17 mm and 0.59 ± 0.16 mm, respectively (p = 0.170). The morning blood cortisol level in the FMS and control groups was 7.8 ± 3.3 ng/dL and 8.7 ± 2.8 ng/dL, respectively (p = 0.460). The CIMT and morning blood cortisol level were not correlated in the FMS group. Conclusion: According to the present study, CIMT value and morning blood cortisol level were not found significantly different in FMS group, and also were not found correlated with each other.

nedeniyle başvuran hastalarda tespit edilen izole böbrek travması tanısı ile takip ve tedavi edilen 182 hastanın verileri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların yaş, cinsiyet gibi demografik özellikleri, yaralanma şekilleri, ilk tanı anındaki vital bulguları, tedavi metotları ve gelişen komplikasyon verileri toplandı. Böbrek travmasının derecelendirilmesi Amerikan Travma Cerrahi Birliği'nin organ yaralanma şiddeti ölçeğine göre yapıldı. Bulgular: Renal travma tanısı konulan hastaların yaş ortalaması 32,4 yıl (18-68 yıl) idi. Bu hastaların 151'i (%82,9) erkek iken, 31'i (%17,1) kadındı. Yaralanma şekilleri değerlendirildiğinde 55 (%30,2) hastada penetran yaralanma ve 127 (% 69,8) hastada künt yaralanma olduğu görüldü. Böbrek travmalarının Amerikan Travma Cerrahi Birliği organ yaralanması skalasına göre dağılımının Grade 1-2-3-4-5 yaralanmalar için sırasıyla 64, 62, 41, 12 ve 3 olduğu tespit edildi. Hastaların 170' inde konservatif tedavi uygulandı. Hastaların ortalama hastanede kalış süresi 7,08 (4-12) gün olarak bulundu. Sonuç: Böbrek yaralanması olan ve hemodinamisi stabil olan hastaların hepsinde öncelikli olarak konservatif tedavi yaklaşımı denenmelidir.