No abstract

The recent rapid developments in biotechnology have made great contributions to the study of plant gene pools. The application of in vitro methods in freeze storage and DNA protection techniques in fast production studies has made major advances. From that aspect, biotechnology is an indispensable means for the protection of plant gene pools, which includes the insurance of sustainable agriculture and development of species. Besides all the positive developments, one of the primary risks posed by the uncontrolled spreading of genetically modified organisms is the possibility for other non-target organisms to be negatively affected. Genes of plant origin should be given priority in this type of studies by taking into consideration such negative effects that may result in disruption of ecological balance and damage to plant genetic pools. Turkey, due to its ecological conditions and history, has a very important position in terms of plant gene pools. This richness ought to be protected without corrupting its natural quality and natural evolution process in order to provide the sources of species that will be required for future sustainable agricultural applications. Thus, attention should be paid to the use of biotechnological methods, which play an important role especially in the protection and use of local and original plant gene pools.

In this study, we investigate the medical and economical value of Leucojum aestivum. Leucojum aestivum contains the alkaloid galanthamine, which is one of the main active substances in Reminyl, a commonly used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this analysis, we estimate that there are 13 million mild to moderate patients with Alzheimer's who use Reminyl. Our results suggest that the market change value of L aestivum required for 1 unit of Reminyl is US$62. The value of total change of galanthamine and L aestivumis estimated to be US$18.6 billion per year. Alzheimer's drugs that use L aestivum are relatively expensive, ranging in cost from US$183 to more than US$400 per month. The minimum annual cost of this is US$2196 per person for "patients with mild and moderate stage AD." The using value of 6 million units of L aestivum bulbs, which is the amount exported from Turkey, is estimated to be US$27 million per year. The determined value for L aestivum is equivalent to the value of a rare flower that can be used to treat the serious illness of AD.

Difficulty in the insertion of the endotracheal tube limits the efficacy of the left-molar approach. It is not possible to predict the failure of intubation with the left-molar approach by considering the preoperative risk factors.

Özet: Fosil yakıt kullanımı, ormansızlaşma, tarımsal faaliyet vb. antropojenik etkinlikler, özellikle sanayi devrimiyle birlikte, metan, karbondioksit gibi doğal sera gazları emisyonlarında önemli ölçüde artışa neden olmuştur. Atmosferde sera gazları emisyonlarında meydana gelen bu artış doğal sera etkisinin bozulmasına ve atmosferin ısınmasına neden olmuş ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın potansiyel etkisi ise biyosferde küresel iklim değişikliğidir. Özellikle 1980'li yıllardan itibaren daha belirgin hale gelen küresel ısınma ve küresel iklim değişikliği su kaynaklarının azalması, besin kıtlığı, enerji sıkıntısı, kuraklık, çölleşme, göç gibi sosyoekonomik ve politik etkileri yanında, doğal peyzaj dokusunun bozulması, ekosistemler, türler ve gen kaynakları gibi biyolojik çeşitliliğin temel parçaları olan sistemleri de olumsuz etkilemektedir. Su ve kara ekosistemlerinde meydana gelen değişim bu ekosistemlerin biyolojik kompozisyonlarında da değişime neden olmaktadır. Su ekosistemlerinde ısınmaya bağlı olarak buradaki canlı türleri üretkenliğini yitirmekte ya da daha serin sulara göç etmektedir. Örneğin somon balıklarının üretkenliğinde %20 azalma saptanmış, göçün ise besin bakımından bu türlere bağımlı olan diğer canlıların geleceğini tehdit ettiği ortaya konmuştur. Karasal ekosistemler ve bu ekosistemlerin parçası olan biyolojik çeşitlilik de ciddi risk altındadır. Özellikle tropikal ve orta kuşak ormanları, bitki ve hayvan türleri önemli ölçüde zarar görecek, adaptasyon sürecini olumsuz etkileyecek, bu arada da yeni koşullara uygun yeni türlerin ortaya çıkması da söz konusu olabilecektir.Anahtar kelimeler: Küresel ısınma, İklim değişikliği, Biyolojik çeşitlilik, Ekosistem, Sera etkisi Abstract: Especially with the industrial revolution, use of fossil fuels, deforestation, agricultural activity, anthropogenic events have caused a dramatic increase in natural transmission gas emissions such as methane and carbon dioxide. This increase occurred in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has caused destabilisation of the natural greenhouse effect and it has caused the atmosphere become warmer. The global warming potential impact is global climate change in the biosphere. Global warming and global climate change, which especially have become more pronounced since the 1980s, have some socioeconomic and political effects, such as less water resources, the reduction of the food shortage, energy shortages, drought, desertification, and migration. Furthermore, being messed up of natural landscape tissue degradation, ecological systems, species and like gene resources have affect negatively to the systems which are basic part of biological diversity. Changing on water and land ecological systems also caused to the changing of this ecological system's biological composition. On water ecosystems, type of live are loosing their productivity or they are migrating to cooler places because of warming. For example, it is determined that the productivity of salmons decreased at the rate of %20, and also it is stated th...