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Adaptation of the FIM has been successful and it can be used in Turkey as long as the limitations are recognized.

Hemiplegic gait was improved by both orthoses. However, metallic AFOs provided better stabilization of the ankle, allowing improved heel strike and push-off.

Study design:A reliability and validity study of a previously translated version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). Objectives:To validate the Turkish version of the RMDQ for use in low back pain. Summary of Background data:Clinical and epidemiological research related to low back pain in the Turkish population would be facilitated by the availability of well-established outcome measures.Methods: 81 outpatients with low back pain, 64 of whom were followed up on a second occasion were assessed by the RMDQ. Reliability is assessed using internal consistency and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal construct validity is assessed by Rasch Turkish Version of Roland-Morris 2 analysis; external construct validity by association with pain and spinal movement. Responsiveness is tested by both the non-parametric and parametric effect size.Results: Internal consistency of the RMDQ is found to be adequate (> 0.85) at both times, with high ICC's also at both time points. Internal construct validity of the scale is good, indicating a single underlying construct. Expected associations with pain confirm external construct validity. There is little evidence of Differential Item Functioning (DIF). The scale is at the ordinal level. Responsiveness of the RMDQ is good and greater than observed change in spinal movement. Conclusions:The RMDQ is a robust unidimensional ordinal measure, largely free of DIF, which works well in the Turkish population. Non-parametric effect sizes of ordinal scales are found to over-or underestimate the true effect size depending upon the nature of the scale and the distribution of patients at baseline. KEY WORDSLOW BACK PAIN, DISABILITY, REHABILITATION, OUTCOME, RASCH. KEY POINTS♦ The Roland Morris Disability Scale is valid for the Turkish Population. ♦ The scale works in the same way by gender and age. ♦ The scale is ordinal. ♦ Effect size calculations on this scale are invalid due to its ordinal nature. MINI ABSTRACTThis study investigates the reliability and validity of a previously translated Turkish version of the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire on 81 patients with low back pain. The questionnaire proved to be a robust, unidimensional ordinal scale, reliable and valid for the Turkish population.Turkish Version of Roland-Morris 3