during the period of May 2014 to August 2014. Data relating to 51 patients wearing complete dentures was collected using structured eight categorized questionnaire, three point scale Performa. Patient history was taken and examination done. Demographic view obtained consists of age, gender; fitting place and the duration that complete denture has been in use for. The recorded data was entered into SPSS version 17. RESULTS: There were total 51 patients with gender distribution of 72.5% (37) males and 27.4% (14) females. The responses for the questionnaire item 7 with subpart showed, in all cases that the majority of elder people reported a range of problems with their dentures. Pain was reported as the most common complaint of these complete denture wearers. There was no significant relationship between the patient's gender and type or number of complaints. Conclusion: Study results showed low quality of life of complete denture wearers as they frequently had problems in eating, social interaction and communication.

The objective of this study was to determine the difficulties faced by house officers during endodontic procedures and refine the quality of therapy provided to masses. METHODOLOGY: A detailed survey form was given out to a total of 350 dental house officers, collected from seven different dental institutes in Karachi. A total of 60-80 survey forms were given out to each college, depending on the strength of house officers present, out of which 50 forms, on average, were returned and results were tabulated. The supervisor to house officer ratio recorded on average from these institutes was 1:7. WHO Calculator was used on the sample size of 350 entries and SPSS Version 22 was used to analyze the results. RESULT: The current study displays that majority of the house officers faced immense difficulties in the cleaning and shaping task of the endodontic procedure such as in cleaning and shaping and less problems were encountered when access opening and initial instrumentation were concerned. The most common difficulty faced by the house officers was that apical perforation resulted during the procedure (51.4%) followed by loss of estimated WL (51.1%), ledge formation (40.9%), file separation (39.1%), whereas using accessory GP while obturations was recorded as the most frequently encountered problem (56%). CONCLUSION: The current study displays the most commonly faced difficulties by fresh dental graduates during their house job. The major difficulties were faced during cleaning and shaping owing to increased incidence of ledge formation, apical perforation and loss of working length. Majority of the cases revealed gutta purcha extruding or short of the apex. Difficulty in administering IANB was also highly noted.

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Background: Componeer (prefabricated direct composite veneer) is a nano-hybrid composite enamel veneer that combines the advantages of both, placing a direct composite resin and those of a prefabricated laminate veneer manufactured in a laboratory. Any structural defects or anomalies in the anterior teeth or 'esthetic zone' create a problem for the patient. Hence, composite laminate veneers focus on targeting such abnormalities where the dentist is in complete control of the outcome, despite the pre-existing color, shape, structure, contours or morphology of the tooth. The aim of the study was to determine the success rate of using prefabricated direct composite veneers for cases with minimal preparation and 'prep-less' technique and compare both outcomes for establishing a better and long-lasting restoration. Case presentation: The study presented two case reports, the first case was of a 46-year-old female with major complaints regarding spaces between upper teeth along with yellow discoloration. While the second i.e. Case 2 was of a 23 years old female with generalized spacing in her teeth due to microdontia and her chief complaint was the diastema present in between her upper front teeth. Management and Results: A minimal preparation technique for composite veneering was used in Case 1 to combat the problem of yellow discoloration along with generalized spacing whereas a 'prep-less' technique was used for Case 2. Both cases depict different methods of composite veneering and restorations for both minimally prepared or 'prep-less' technique showed no differences at the follow-up visit (after 6-month). Conclusion: Composite veneers have shown excellent results for restoring anterior defects while preserving tooth structure and surrounding tissues. It has proven to be the most time-efficient way of restorations meeting the high demands of superior esthetics and cost-effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of Endodontic Postgraduate trainees regarding clinically relevant situations where an antibiotic cover is needed and is focused on the prescription patterns of various antibiotics depending on the clinical evaluation of the patients. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was performed in which data was collected from five different dental institutes offering post-graduate residency in endodontics all over Karachi, Pakistan. Preferred antibiotic for odontogenic infections and the duration for the antibiotic coverage were evaluated amongst postgraduate clinicians. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed out of which only 82 questionnaires came back with responses. The study was conducted for a period of one month from August 2018- September 2018. The data collected was analyzed by SPSS version 21. RESULTS: A combination of amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid was the first choice of antibiotic in patients with no known allergies to penicillin (40.6%), whereas erythromycin was the first choice of antibiotic in patients having allergic reactions to penicillin (39.3%). The duration of treatment on average was 5 days. In clinical situations of irreversible pulpitis, with or without apical periodontitis, 74.3% and 67% of the respondents prescribed antibiotics. 78 % of respondents have prescribed antibiotics in cases of necrotic pulp with acute apical periodontitis. CONCLUSION: Our study concludes that antibiotic over prescription is very common amongst post graduate trainees and is contributing towards a larger issue of antibiotic resistance. Proper protocols of prescription should be followed by professionals and further refinement is required focusing on need, duration and choice of the antibiotic being used. KEYWORDS: Antibiotics, Odontogenic infections, Endodontics, Microbial resistance