Abstract. We summed estimates of the carbon balance of forests, grasslands, arable lands and peatlands to obtain country-specific estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance during the 1990s. Forests and grasslands were sinking carbon consistently, whereas arable soils were carbon sources in all European countries. Hence, countries dominated by arable lands tended to be losing carbon from their terrestrial ecosystems, whereas forest-dominated countries tended to be sinking carbon. In countries where peatlands are still being drained or extracted, net carbon balances were much lower than expected from land use. Net terrestrial carbon fluxes were typically small relative to fossil fuel-related carbon emissions. Only where fossil fluxes were small and net terrestrial fluxes were large did terrestrial carbon fluxes matter (ranged between uptake of 70% of fossil fluxes and increase of emissions with 25%). Nonetheless, at the European scale, the small net balance is composed of two very large but opposing fluxes: uptake by forests and grasslands and losses from arable lands and peatlands. Thus, relatively minor changes in either or both of these large component fluxes could strongly affect the net total, indicating that mitigation schemes should not be discarded a priori. In the absence of carbon-oriented land management, the current net carbon balance is bound to decline soon. Protecting it will require actions at three levels. Firstly, maintaining the current sink activity of forests. Secondly, altered agricultural management practices to turn arable soils into carbon sinks. Lastly, because carbon is lost more rapidly than sequestered, the current large reservoirs (wetlands and old forests) need extra protection.