Well-designed bioenergy systems can contribute to several objectives, such as mitigating climate change, increasing energy access, and alleviating rural poverty. With adequate technical assistance and land management, farm yields and income can be increased, food security strengthened, carbon sequestration improved, and pressure for land clearing reduced. There are, nonetheless, risks involved on bioenergy production and several initiatives worldwide have failed to achieve proposed positive outcomes. Overreliance on monoculture plantations, negative land-use change impacts, and use of cereal crops as feedstocks are among the main causes. Agroforestry systems and practices can address most of these risks and thus play an important role in sustainable production of several bioenergy outputs, including efficient solid biomass, biogas, liquid biofuels, and dendro power. This article assesses the potential of such integrated approaches to provide multiple benefits, including the coproduction of food, animal feed, and organic fertilizers, while respecting economic, social, and environmental sustainability indicators. Building on experiences from sub-Saharan Africa, developing Asia, and Latin America, promising perennial species, production models, and value chains are analyzed. Finally, key challenges and potential solutions for larger scale adoption of integrated food-energy approaches are also identified and discussed. 166

 Species should have high yields, low labour requirements and high oilseed prices. Value chain reorganization through contracting further stimulates adoption. High opportunity costs of labour demand for alternative business models.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV’s progression, but until now, no licensed anti-JEV drug has been available. From a prophylactic point of view, a few licensed JE vaccines are available, but various factors, viz., the high cost and different side effects imposed by them, has narrowed their global use. With an average occurrence of >67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find a suitable antiviral drug to treat patients at the acute phase, as presently only supportive care is available to mitigate infection. This systematic review highlights the current status of efforts put in to develop antivirals against JE and the available vaccines, along with their effectiveness. It also summarizes epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, and potential drug targets that can be explored to develop a new range of anti-JEV drugs to combat JEV infection globally.

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Himalayan rangelands, the crucial but by and large the neglected ecosystems, are an integral part of mountain farming systems. The present investigation is based on the extensive survey and collection of mid-altitude range plants from Almora and Champawat districts of Kumaun division in the Uttarakhand Himalaya in India, from September 2003 to June 2007. The rangelands studied were oak types, chirpine types, grass types and mixed ones. Some 300 species of grasses, other herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs were found in the mid-altitude rangelands. A sizeable number of species belonged to the family of Poaceae. The grass-dominated rangelands especially harboured a variety of grass species of good fodder value. The diversity of fodder plants is a proportion of the enormous biodiversity occurring in the parts of the Himalaya. A panorama of the biodiversity emerged in this study, which is of both intangible value and direct value for the livestock-and rangeland-dependent mountain communities, suggests a very high scope of the utilization of this natural and uncultivated biodiversity for supporting livestock-based livelihoods of the region. This biodiversity also has enormous bearing on the cultivated area of the region.