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The proportion of the reported cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection reached the status of a pandemic. Numerous studies are being conducted on the isolation of ZIKV strains from various epidemics, diagnosis of the infections, various animal models and cell culture designs to study the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the attempts to find an effective ZIKV vaccine. This review focuses upon the 'Off-Spectrum' body of studies which analyses the epidemiology, pathogenesis and other attributes of ZIKV in the light of various dissident hypotheses.

Glycogen content of the prawn muscles from the three groups showed increasing trend after 30 days of feed supplementation. In control animals recorded maximum of 2.2 mg/g, and inB. coagulanssupplemented animals it was 4.1 mg/g and 3.6 mg/g inB. firmussupplemented animals increase in glycogen content in relation with feed supplementation with probiotic bacteria was most prominent in prawns. The increase in alpha amylases content may be attributed to the influence of the probiotic strain which possess exoenzyme activity. Maximum colonies were found inB. firmussupplemented animals gut, 962 cfu after 30 days of feed supplementation. Similar trend wasobserved in intestinal microflora of all three groups after infection in the feed supplemented animals. The one way analysis of variance showed significant variation among feed supplementation and treatment. The one way analysis revealed thatB. coagulanssupplemented group recorded maximum glycogen followed byB. firmusand control groups. Maximum THB count was observed inB. firmussupplemented animals after infecting the animals withV.parahaemolyticus. Alpha amylase activity was maximum inB. firmussupplemented animals was recorded. Significant results could be observed in one way analysis of variance.

Abstract. Diabetes is a dreadful disease, which in its acute stages, causes severe multiple organ failure. It is also one of the world's oldest diseases. Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by the absence of insulin and exogenous insulin dependency. Stem cell therapy is one of the promises of this era, as there are numerous studies on Rodents, Frogs, Zebra fish, Dog and Chick, elucidating the wide array of genes, transcription factors, signaling pathways and compounds, which could promote β cell neogenesis, regeneration, differentiation and trans-differentiation. Even though, a recent PubMed search on the keyword 'Pancreatic beta cell proliferation' revealed around 3000 reports, this review focuses on the trends attempted in recent years and infers certain critical aspects in the observations.