Aspergillosis is the common infectious diseases in the avian species. Aspergillosis causes granulomatous lesions in the lung and upper respiratory system and rarely reported regarding its infection in the kidney. This study aims to analyse the risk factors of renal aspergillosis in the pigeon (Columba livia) and its association to aflatoxicosis and CD4+/ CD8+ depression. Twenty-dead pigeons, feed and litter randomly collected from 10-local breeders. Each breeder was asked to fill out the questionnaire. Microbiology, immuno-histopathology and detection of aflatoxin were performed on the collected specimens. The data was analysed using SPSS 16. The results revealed that the prevalence of Aspergillus belonging to the "Fumigati section" was 85% and 80% in lungs and kidneys, respectively. Moreover, the hyphae and granulomatous inflammation with minimal expression of CD4+/CD8+ are observed from pigeons kidney. This study reflected that contamination of Aspergillus belonging to the "Fumigati section" in the litter and air significantly affect the occurrence of pigeon's renal aspergillosis.

Background and Aim: The massive utilization of antibiotics has increased resistant genes produced by bacteria. Many bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have become resistant against ampicillin (AMP). The combination of an herbal extract with AMP is expected to generate synergistic effects and may restore the susceptibility of MRSA against AMP. This study aimed to analyze the potency of Sauropus androgynous extract (SAE) as a single extract and combination with AMP against MRSA. Materials and Methods: Sauropus androgynous was extracted using 60% ethanol. SAE biochemical compounds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. SAE, AMP, and SAE+AMP were tested against MRSA isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and fractional inhibitory concentration. The inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins 2a (PBP2a) was analyzed using a latex agglutination test. Further, the disruptive membrane effects of SAE, AMP, and SAE+AMP were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The analysis of data was conducted using SPSS version 16 with p=0.01. Results: SAE contained bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids. Further, 2 mg/mL of SAE could be used as the potential concentration against MRSA isolates in vitro. In addition, the utilization of SAE+AMP generated synergistic effects, restored the susceptibility of isolates against AMP, decreased the synthesis of PBP2a by the MRSA, and induced ultrastructural changes in the bacterial membrane. Conclusion: This study indicated that the utilization of SAE potentially inhibits the growth of MRSA through decreasing of PBP2a expression, disruption of the MRSA membrane, while the combination of SAE+AMP showed synergistic effects against MRSA.

In order to investigate the effect of immersion babadotan leaf extract solution (Ageratum conyzoides L) with various centration of the quality of chicken eggs in room temperature. Reviewed from the yolk index and haugh unit. The sample are 1 day chicken  eggs  race with an average  weight of 50-60 grams, which is taken from PT. Mulya Broiler Farm, Binangun village, Binangun subdistrict, Blitar regency. It used as much as 100 eggs, with immersion treatment using Babadotan leaf extract solution for 1 minute with the centralization of the solution 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%, and stored in room temperature, than calculated the value of yolk index and  haugh unit. Results of the study showed that immersion by using Babadotan leaf extract solution had no noticeable effect  (P > 0.05) against the Haugh and very noticeable effect (P < 0.05) on the value of yolk Index. Quality of chicken eggs are given the immersion babadotan leaf extract solution is better than without immersion.

The research aimed to know the degree of infection from egg calculated and increased numbers of white blood cells (eosinophils and lymphocytes) in wild cats (Felis catus). The samples of the research as many as 30 wild cats around the Around of Dukuh Kupang Surabaya . The examination was done by Mc Master method with 100x magnification and the calculated of white blood cells (eosinophil and lymphocytes). The results showed the degree of toxocariasis infection in wild cats (Felis catus) in Surabaya in Dukuh Kupang was seen from the average value of the 468.3 egg examination and the calculated of white blood cells (eosinophilic and lymphocytes) with an average value of eosinophilic 0.73 x103/μl and lymphocytes 10.72 x103/μl. This study used  descriptive method. Toxocariasis infection was included in the degree of moderate infection in wild cats (Felis catus) in Dukuh Kupang Surabaya with moderate degree.

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a term used to describe various causes of lower urinary tract disorders in cats which include idiopathic, urolithiasis, urinary tract infections, anatomical and neurological disorders. Use of commercial feed is one of the causes of Flutd formation. This study was to determine the correlation between commercial feed types and crystal types in the case of FLUTD cats at the Animal Hospital of East Java Province. The sample is primary data obtained directly by collection of fresh urine and through interviews with animal owners. As many as 30 fresh urine samples were sedimented and then observed under a microscope. The results of observations of urine sedimentation with a microscope showed that 16 cats had crystals in their urine. The highest percentage of struvite crystals was 12 cats (40%). Meanwhile, in 14 cats (46.7%) no crystals  were found in the urine. It is known that the sensitivity of the urine sedimentation test is 64% and the specificity is 97%. There are different types of crystals in commercial feed with the same brand. the same brand of commercial feed can produce different types of crystals. This is due to many other factors that trigger the formation of crystallization. The urine sedimentation test is very accurate to detect cases of FLUTD and crystals in the urine