Purpose This study aims to identify and understand the challenges, motivational factors and future needs of female entrepreneurs in Ankara, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the qualitative analysis methodology and uses the qualitative data analysis software, MAXQDA 11. A total of 41 randomly selected female entrepreneurs from the city of Ankara and rural areas of the Ankara region participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews. A total of 284 codes were defined. Findings Results indicate that female entrepreneurs are mostly intrinsically motivated and are driven by the desire to achieve and to become independent. The socially constructed role of women in Turkey is the primary challenge faced by female entrepreneurs in both urban and rural areas. Moreover, the major future needs identified for female entrepreneurs are support from public institutions and access to managerial consultants. Originality/value There are limited number of studies that closely examine the characteristics of female entrepreneurship activity and their challenges/motivations in Turkey. This research contributes to the existing literature through its qualitative nature and by highlighting differences in urban and rural female entrepreneurs. Moreover, the results of this study are useful for policy makers to evaluate the future needs of female entrepreneurs and the programs that will be needed to overcome the challenges facing female entrepreneurs in the entrepreneurial process.

ÖzGirişimci iktisadi ve sosyal yapıya "yeni bileşimler" veya "yenilikler" ortaya koyan kişi, yenilik ise bu yapılardaki değişmenin temel içsel nedeni olarak tanımlanabilir. Rekabetçi bir ekonomide yeni bileşimler, eski rekabetçi sürecin parametrelerinin ve dolayısıyla iktisadi ve kurumsal yapının değişmesine yol açar. Schumpeter'de girişimci bu nitelikteki yeniliklerin yaratıcısıdır. Veblen'de ise, girişimcinin temel işlevi teknolojik yenilikler yoluyla kurumsal değişimi sağlamasıdır. Bu çerçevede, çalışmanın amacı, Schumpeter ve Veblen'in girişimci anlayışlarından yola çıkarak girişimcinin iktisadi ve kurumsal değişimdeki rolünü incelemektir.Çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Schumpeter'in, ikinci bölümde ise Veblen'in girişimcisi iktisadi ve kurumsal gelişme ve değişimdeki rolleri bağlamında incelenecektir. Böylece, girişimciliğin geçirdiği evrimsel süreç, üstlendiği farklı niteliksel roller ve teknoloji ile ilişkisinin kapitalist toplum açısından ne anlam ifade ettiği araştırılacaktır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Schumpeter ve Veblen'in analizlerinde girişimcilik, teknolojik ve kurumsal değişim, içsel dinamik gelişme. Abstract On the Knigths of the Capitalism and the Captains of IndustryEntrepreneur can be defined as the one who introduces the "new combinations" or "innovations" to the economic and social structure and innovations can be defined as the endogenous causes of in these structures. New combinations lead to the changes in the parameters of the old competitive *

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The aim of this study is to analyse both the differences and the similarities between Marx and Veblen regarding historical specificity, evolution, and alienation. Starting with their discussions on these subjects, this article builds on the analyses of capitalism. The goal of this study is not to collapse Marx and Veblen into one another but rather to understand capitalism by presenting the complementary relationship of the two economists? analyses and to introduce an appropriate analytical framework for understanding capitalism. This study consists of three parts. The first part examines how Veblen regarded Marx?s analysis, and how Marx especially viewed Darwin?s theory of evolution. Marx?s approach to evolution and Veblen?s criticism of Marx on this topic will constitute the general framework of this part. The second part of the study evaluates the level of agreement or disagreement between Veblen and Marx on the idea of historicism from the perspective of dialectical materialism. The last part analyses Marx and Veblen?s different ideas of the concept of alienation. The two economists? views on the capitalist system will be determined based on these three concepts, introducing the similarities between them as well as the differences.