Traumatic brain injury is the first cause of death and disability in children and young adults in worldwide. During the acute phase of recovery from moderate to severe brain injury, a period of post-traumatic confusion state (PTCS) will arise that is a combination of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Seven key symptoms of PTCS are identified and measured by Confusion Assessment Protocol (CAP)  Agitation can be part of PTCS in the acute phase or, part of the recovery of consciousness in chronic phase. There are different hypothesis and classifications of acute and chronic post-traumatic aggressive syndromes. While post-traumatic aggression is common, its mechanism, assessment tool, outcome and treatment plans are not well-defined. Understanding the different aspects of post-traumatic aggression; mechanism, differential diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed in this article.

In the United States, the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy are about 5 to 8.4 per 1000 and 35.5 to 71 per 100,000 persons per year, respectively. Epilepsy management is a personalized and multifactorial medical approach; it is based on the type of epilepsy syndrome, severity and frequency of epileptic seizures, antiepileptic drug's (AED) side effects, drug-drug interactions, disease-related psychosocial problems, and the overall lifestyle of the patient. Aggressive behavior is a major side effect of many AEDs. It deteriorates patients' health. In this study, we reviewed different mechanisms of aggression in patients with or without epilepsy, and eventually, we introduced medications that potentially managed both.