Background and objective:Cigarette smoking is one of the 10 greatest contributors to global death and disease. Cigarette smoke consists of many chemicals, including cytotoxic, carcinogenic and free radicals, therefore it affects many organs if not all.This work is directed to evaluate the effects of dose response patterns of tobacco exposure on liver tissue, through assessing some serum biochemical parameters related with liver efficiency. Methods: This study was done in Kirkuk province. It was conducted on (110) healthy male subjects, their ages ranged from 20 to 40 years. They were divided into three groups; 40 heavy smokers, 30 moderate smokers and 40 non-smokers. Blood was withdrawn for estimation of serum liver function test, lipid profile, protein electrophoresis, and lipid peroxidation test (Serum Malondialdehyde; MAD level). Results: There were statistically significant elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase(GPT) and aspartate aminotransferase(GOT) activities in heavy smokers while serum total bilirubin significantly was lower comparing to non smokers. Serum total protein and albumin were significantly lower in heavy smokers comparing to non smokers. The results of serum protein agarose gel-electrohporesis showed significant changes in serum protein fractions in smoker groups. The mean level of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and malondialdehyde was significantly higher in heavy smoker group, while serum HDL level had a significantly lower value. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking can affect liver efficiency and functions. These effects are dose exposure depenent. Keywords: Cigarette smoking, Liver function test, Liver enzymes, MAD, Lipid profile.

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Background: The Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative bacterium which is found in majority of population in all over the world. It is possible due to contaminated food consumption, working in unsanitary condition and the use of public toilets with poor sanitation. In the field of gastroenterology infection caused by H. pylori and functional dyspepsia are most common clinical issue but their association is also unclear. Aim: To determine the frequency of Helicobacter Pylori in patients with presenting with Dyspepsia in Civil Hospital, Khairpur Study Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Duration of study: One year from 01-Jan- 2019 to 31-12-2019. Setting: Institute of Microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. Methodology: All the patients between 15 to 60 years of age, admitted patients of dyspepsia were diagnosed and evaluated for Helicobacter pylori infection through histopathological examination. Results: Total 100 subjects with dyspepsia were screened for Helicobacter pylori infection. Mean age of patients was 40.0 ±15.40. Majority of patients with H. pylori positive were from age group between 40-60 years, from which 56.7% of them were H. pylori positive; while 30% of patients were from age between 20-40 years of age and only 13.3% were from age below 20 years of age Conclusion: The dyspeptic patients are prone to acquire Helicobacter pylori infection therefore present study reported 30% prevalence for H. pylori infection with male gender predominance. Key words: Dyspepsia, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Peptic ulcer, histopathology, endoscopy

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