No abstract

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an immunomodulator that is widely used for dermatologic conditions such as lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and cicatricial alopecia (CA). The most common adverse events (AE) include gastrointestinal discomfort, headaches, dizziness, and rash. 1 Serious AE like arrhythmias and irreversible retinopathy are rare but have been reported in the literature. 2,3 The aim of this review is to characterize the incidence and characteristics of AEs in CA patients taking HCQ.

per additional indoor tanning session. 1 Thus, indoor tanners in recent years may be at higher risk for developing melanoma. Our findings corroborate those of a smaller study that found an unadjusted increase in the percentage of U.S. indoor tanners reporting ≥25 annual sessions from 2007 to 2018. 4 However, our analysis additionally examined for statistical significance in these differences in unadjusted and adjusted prevalences.It is uncertain why indoor tanners are tanning at comparatively higher frequencies. Inexpensive indoor tanning packages and memberships may incentivize frequent indoor tanning. 5 Alternatively, legislation preventing indoor tanning for individuals under 18 years old, the Affordable Care Act's 10% indoor tanning tax, and other public health efforts may have disproportionately affected infrequent indoor tanners. 4 Research has suggested addictive properties of tanning. 4 The hardening hypothesis suggests tobacco control is the most successful among those less addicted to nicotine, which parallels our observations among indoor tanners. 4 We were limited to examination of population-level changes, rather than changes in individual behaviors, and were unable to examine more recent data due to a 2020 NHIS data quality issue. Future efforts should target high-frequency tanners given their tanning persistence and melanoma risk.

This Viewpoint discusses incorporating social determinants of health into medical decision-making and its implications for dermatology.