No abstract

Cytochrome P450s, including CYP6M2 gene, are involved in the detoxification of permethrin. Some of these genes are regulated by CnCC / dKeap 1 and Spineless / Tango in Drosophila melanogaster. This mechanism is yet to be identified in Anopheles gambiae. Thus, we examine whether there is differential regulation of CYP6M2 gene between permethrin resistant Tiassalé and susceptible Kisumu strains of An. gambiae. Bioinformatics analysis was used to search for cis-acting elements within CYP6M2 (896 bp) region hypothesised to contain the promoter. Isolated and cloned CYP6M2 promoter reporter constructs were transfected into Anopheles gambiae Sua 5.1* cells to measure luciferase activity as a surrogate promoter activity. The WHO adult bioassay was used to expose adult females of the permethrin resistant Tiassalé and susceptible Kisumu strains of An. gambiae to discriminating doses of 0.75% permethrin. Uncharacterised strains from Auyo (Auyo-Nigeria) selected to 4% DDT and 0.1% Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in the Control of CYP6M2

Coccidiosis is caused in chickens by the genus Eimeria spp, and is considered as one of the dominant poultry diseases worldwide. For decades, anticoccidial products have been used for the successful control of this disease. However, long term use of these products has led to the development of resistance. The current study therefore sought to investigate the anticoccidial activity of the methanol leaf extract of Lannea schimperi on experimentally induced Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection in broiler chickens in an attempt to provide good alternative therapy due to increasing resistance to the conventional anticoccidial agents. Seven groups (A-G) of 4 birds were used for the experiment and five groups (A-E) were orally inoculated with 1.0 x 103 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella. Groups A, B and C were treated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of L. schimperi methanolic leaf extract respectively and Group D was treated with1.5 mg/ml of amprolium, group E served as negative control. Groups F and G were the uninfected neutral control and were treated with 25 and 100 mg/ml of L. schimperi methanol leaf extract respectively without being infected with E. tenella oocysts. Findings revealed dose dependent anticoccidial effect, with highest concentration of 100 mg/ml giving more activity than 50 and 25 mg/ml of the plant extract. Significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the number of both schizonts and merozoites in the groups (A, B, C, F and G) treated with L. schimperi methanol leaf extract were observed. Large number of schizonts and merozoites were observed in the infected untreated group compared to the treated groups. Significant changes were also seen in the number of circulating eosinophils and lymphocytes. Insignificant changes (P > 0.05) in body weight gain were recorded; however, significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the intestinal mucus secretion was recorded in the amprolium treated group. These findings suggest that the methanolic leaf extract of L. schimperi possess anticoccidial activity that may warrant further investigation.

This study aimed at evaluating the comparative efficacy of amprolium and crude extracts of Prosopis africana (Iron tree) leaves in the treatment of West African dwarf goats infected with coccidial oocysts. The efficacy of amprolium, aqueous and methanolic extracts were tested using a total of 20 West African dwarf goats (WAD) of both sexes. The goats were randomly divided into five groups comprising of four goats each for amprolium, aqueous and methanolic extracts. Coccidial oocyst count reduction per gram of faeces was determined. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure in SPSS software version 22. The ever increasing cases of coccidiosis in goat's especially young goats have continued to be a source of worry for rural livestock farmers. This is so because they could not afford the available synthetic anticoccidial due to high cost and the chemical residue concerned in animal products and environmental pollution have awaken interest in medicinal plants as an alternative anticoccidial. The result revealed the presence of flavonoids, Saponins and tannins in all the extracts but absence of alkaloids in fresh and dried aqueous extracts except methanolic extract and also absence of glycosides in all the extracts. Maximum percent oocyst count reduction of 93.54% and 99.38% on day six and day eight post treatments (PT) were recorded in goats treated with 100mg/kg b.w. of the fresh leaves aqueous extract and amprolium respectively. It was concluded that the leaves extracts of Prosopis afracana had anticoccidial efficacy that is comparable with the amprolium.         Cette étude visait à évaluer l'efficacité comparative de l'amprolium et des extraits crus de feuilles de Prosopis africana (arbre de fer) dans le traitement des chèvres naines d'Afrique de l'Ouest infectées par des oocystes coccidiaux. L'efficacité des extraits d'amprolium, aqueux et méthanolique a été testée sur un total de 20 chèvres naines d'Afrique de l'Ouest (NAO) des deux sexes. Les chèvres ont été réparties au hasard en cinq groupes comprenant chacun quatre chèvres pour les extraits d'amprolium, aqueux et méthanolique. La réduction du nombre d'oocystes coccidiens par gramme de matières fécales a été déterminée. Les données recueillies ont été soumises à une procédure d'analyse de variance à un facteur (ANOVA) dans la version 22 du logiciel SPSS. En effet, ils ne pouvaient pas se permettre l'anticoccidien synthétique disponible en raison du coût élevé et les résidus chimiques concernés dans les produits animaux et la pollution de l'environnement ont suscité l'intérêt pour les plantes médicinales comme anticoccidien alternatif. Le résultat a révélé la présence de flavonoïdes, de saponines et de tanins dans tous les extraits mais l'absence d'alcaloïdes dans les extraits aqueux frais et séchés à l'exception de l'extrait méthanolique et également l'absence deglycosides dans tous les extraits. Le pourcentage maximum de réduction du nombre d'oocystes de 93,54 % et de 99,38 % au jour six et au jour huit après les traitements (AT) a été enregistré chez les chèvres traitées avec 100 mg/kg de poids corporel de l'extrait aqueux de feuilles fraîches et de l'amprolium respectivement. Il a été conclu que les extraits de feuilles de Prosopis afracana avaient une efficacité anticoccidienne comparable à celle de l'amprolium.