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Official statistics demonstrate the role of traffic accidents in the increasing number of fatalities, especially in emerging countries. In recent decades, the rate of deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents in Iran, a rapidly growing economy in the Middle East, has risen significantly with respect to that of neighboring countries. The present study illustrates an exploratory spatial analysis’ framework aimed at identifying and ranking hazardous locations for traffic accidents in Zanjan, one of the most populous and dense cities in Iran. This framework quantifies the spatiotemporal association among collisions, by comparing the results of different approaches (including Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), Natural Breaks Classification (NBC), and Knox test). Based on descriptive statistics, five distance classes (2–26, 27–57, 58–105, 106–192, and 193–364 meters) were tested when predicting location of the nearest collision within the same temporal unit. The empirical results of our work demonstrate that the largest roads and intersections in Zanjan had a significantly higher frequency of traffic accidents than the other locations. A comparative analysis of distance bandwidths indicates that the first (2–26 m) class concentrated the most intense level of spatiotemporal association among traffic accidents. Prevention (or reduction) of traffic accidents may benefit from automatic identification and classification of the most risky locations in urban areas. Thanks to the larger availability of open-access datasets reporting the location and characteristics of car accidents in both advanced countries and emerging economies, our study demonstrates the potential of an integrated analysis of the level of spatiotemporal association in traffic collisions over metropolitan regions.

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Problem Statement: Understanding the phenomenon of doping from a psychological perspective m ay lead to learning a new dimension of some factors that may influence the athletes' behavior towards fair-play attitudes. Purpose of the Study: T he main purpose of this study was to assess the possible correlations between psychological factors and doping behavior.Research Methods: T he sampling was a simple random multi-strata cluster type pattern with random circulation. 500 athletes participated to this study (aged 14-28) and have been practicing sport for an average of 8.74 years. T ype A and T ype B Beh avior Questionnaire (Mirabeal, 1986) and T ough-mindedness/T ender-mindedness (Eysenck-Wilson, 1985) were used in this study. All questionnaires have been processed in SPSS. Findings: Calculation of correlation coefficients did reveal significant values between the scores resulted in the type of personality AB. T he Eysenck -Wilson questionnaire noticed that values greater than the average occur on the group's level, which shows a certain feature as predominant. Conclusions: T he personality structure of the athletes to the research is featured by average values and the items of the applied tests, with plus and minus variations depen ding on the age or the experience in sport activity. Assertiveness and masculinity are expressed on superior level.