No abstract

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a promising microscopy technique that can provide high-resolution images of bacterial cells without fixation. Three species of bacteria, Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas syringae, and Bacillus subtilis, were used in this study. AFM images were obtained from unfixed and glutaraldehyde-fixed cells, and cell height was measured. The mean height of bacterial cells prepared by fixation was higher than that of those prepared by nonfixation. However, the height changes were different between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria: the mean height of two fixed Gram-negative bacteria, X. campestris and P. syringae, increased by 112.31 and 84.08%, respectively, whereas Gram-positive bacterium, B. subtilis, increased only by 38.79%. The results above indicated that glutaraldehyde fixation could affect the measured height of cells imaged by AFM; further more, the effect of glutaraldehyde fixation on the measured height of Gram-negative bacterial cells imaged by AFM seemed much more than on that of Gram-positive bacterial cells.

Five novel deep eutectic ionic liquids were prepared from relatively simple quaternary ammonium salts and imidazole. All of these salts are liquids at room temperature, and are steady up to 150°C. They exhibit low viscosities and moderate conductivities at low temperature. Especially, Bu4NCl-IM is a green alternative solvent in Sonogashira reaction with good catalytic activity.

LINGO software with many favorable features such as convenient operation, high running speed, wide application and valid result, has been widely used in solving complicated issues in environmental fields in the past a few years. In this paper, three practical examples in environmental monitoring were introduced and resolved by LINGO software, the reliability of the results was verified and the comparison with other methods was given. The results show that, LINGO software is useful to direct funds and resources’ allocation in environmental monitoring, and it is an effective tool to improve economic benefits and obtain better environmental benefits.

Based on the application in the system optimization of environmental problem, the solution procedures of dynamic programming are introduced. Combining with some typical problems, such as the shortest path problem, the optimum scheme problem of water treatment and the water resources allocation problem, reliability analyses of the solution procedures by LINGO software is processed. The results show that the LINGO software can effectively solve this kind of dynamic programming problem and is the effective tool to solve the environmental problems and resource problems.