Oxidation modification enhances the interaction between the oxygenated functional groups and Ru species, strengthens the adsorption of reactants, and augments the amount of active species, enhancing the catalytic performance of the catalysts.

Regulation of the Ru/Cl ratio could increase the amount of ruthenium oxides, improve the dispersion of Ru species on the carrier and enhance the adsorption ability of the reactants, consequently improving the catalytic performance.