The organization and sequences of the human (3-chain T-cell receptor diversity, joining, and constant region segments are described. The (3 chain of the human T-cell receptor, analogous to the mouse counterpart, consists of two distinct constant region genes =10 kilobases apart. The two constant region genes, Cpu and Cp.2, are very similar not only in sequence but also in genomic organization. The coding sequences of each of these Cp constant region genes are divided into four exons. The first two exons encode most of the extracellular constant domain. The third exon encodes a major part of the presumed transmembrane portion, and the last exon contains the cytoplasmic coding sequence as well as 3' untranslated sequences. Except for a stretch of =95 highly conserved nucleotides extending 3' of the first exon of the C region genes, little homology can be found between the intron sequences of Cpg and Cp2. A small cluster of joining region (Jp) gene segments is located ""5 kilobases upstream of each of these two constant regions. The first cluster, Jp1, contains six functional J gene segments while the second, Jp2, contains seven functional J gene segments. In addition, diversity region (Dp) gene segments are located ==600 base pairs upstream of each Jp.Recombinational signals containing highly conserved heptamer and nonamer sequences separated by 12 or 23 bases are found adjacent to all of these Dp and Jp gene segments. These signal sequences are thought to be involved in the somatic recombination processes. These results indicate that what appears to be a gene duplication event giving rise to these two distinct regions must have arisen a long time ago in the evolution of this gene locus.An essential property of the immune system is its ability to generate enormous diversity in antibody and T-cell responses. During the past several years, the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation of antibody diversity have been elucidated (1, 2 Recently, the structure and diversity generation of the T-cell receptor (TcR) have also been studied (3, 4). The cloning of both the a-and /-chain TcR genes (5-10) has allowed direct comparisons with immunoglobulin genes to be made. Both chromosomal location (11,12) and partial DNA/protein sequence homologies (5-10) verify that the TcR and immunoglobulin gene families are distinct. The organization of the P-chain locus in humans is similar to that of immunoglobulin (13-17). Like immunoglobulin, the TcR /3 chain is composed of noncontiguous segments of V, J, and constant (C) region genes (13-17). Furthermore, recognition structures similar to those involved in the recombinational process in immunoglobulin are found to be adjacent to the Vp, Do, and Jo gene segments. Recently, similar findings were reported on the determination of the genomic organization of the human TcR a chain (18). In this paper, we report the genomic organization and sequences of the D, J, and C regions of the human TcR /3 chain. MATERIALS AND METHODSHuman Germ-Line Genomic Clones. The Ma...

To compare and contrast the human T cell antigen receptor (TcR) alpha and beta chain messages found in human thymocytes to those previously isolated from human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and other nonthymic sources, 13 TcR alpha and 13 TcR beta cDNA were isolated from a human thymocyte library and the nucleotide sequences were determined. The data indicate that, as was found in the peripheral T lymphocytes, the majority of the TcR alpha and TcR beta chain thymocyte cDNA were derived from potentially functional messages. Although the thymocyte-derived TcR cDNA do not contain any unique structural features when compared to TcR cDNA from mature T lymphocytes, 4 new J alpha segments, 17 new V-gene segments (9 V alpha; 8 V beta) and 7 additional V-gene families (4 V alpha and 3 V beta) and sequences had been identified. The exon C beta O, found in many murine thymocyte TcR beta messages, was not found in over 75 human beta chain messages. Based on these new data, a revised estimate of human TcR V alpha, J alpha and V beta repertoires is calculated. The most significant change has been the increase in the estimated number of human TcR V beta-gene segments to a total of about 100 distributed among about 18 families. The V alpha families are now revised upward to 16, with a total number of V alpha segments of 50. The estimate of the J alpha segments in humans remains between 50-100.