No abstract

This study investigated the confirmation of climate change by analyzing the long-term records of annual means of temperature taken from synoptic station located at International Baghdad Airport (rural site) available for the period from 1978 to 2019. Furthermore, based on annual temperature data recorded by automatic weather station installed at Mustansiriyah University (urban station), available for the period 2008–2019, the difference between urban and rural temperatures called as urban heat island (UHI) intensity was annually calculated. Statistic descriptive methods including temperature trend, percentile function and R-square were employed to recognize the contribution of UHI in enhancing the local warming climate. The results show that there was a warming trend of 0.052 °C/year for period of 42 years and 0.02 °C/year for recent 12 years at rural station which is lower than 0.13 °C/year observed at urban station. Also the results for annual UHI were found to be always positive intensity which ranges from 0.8 to 2.4 °C with a mean value of 1.78 °C. As a result of high annual UHI intensity, hot day events during 2008–2019 were extracted from daily temperatures exceeding of threshold value of 37.5 °C that dominate in summer months with totally 204 events and with an annual average of 17 days. Finally, under the continuing local warming climate, potential effects caused by UHI and its mitigation strategies are further presented.

Acid rain is a consequence of pollution in the atmosphere. When any sort of fuel is burned, a number of chemicals are released. The smoke from a fire, factories and the fumes from a car exhaust contain a lot of invisible gases that can be far more toxic to our environment than the smoke grey particles that can be seen. Where in this search, used the data from European Center for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was depend on. The search is concerned with studying and measuring acid rain in Heet city for three point in same region (Industrial, residential, agricultural) by using values PH that has been measured by devices (PH (ATC), PH (laboratory), paper PH and TDS (Measures the concentration of basic and acidic salts). Determination the amount of the rain in units (mm/h, inches) and period begin fall the rain for a rainy season (from October to May). Study the behavior of polluting gases in sampling regions (CO, CO2, NO2, NO, SO2, O3) due to it has most influence on the formation of the acid rain and determine the most regions which contain pollutants. After measuring the acid rain samples it was found the highest acidity value was recorded in Kabaisa Cement Factory, which is a polluted industrial area, where the PH value was 4.00, meaning that it is one of the most common areas in which acid rain spreads. While agricultural areas have lowest acidity values where PH between (7.01- 7.05), because they are far from sources of pollutants emission and they contain plants and trees(as is well known plants absorb polluting gases) which makes them areas free of all kinds of polluting gases. Also, residential areas contain acidic PH values where PH between 5.06 - 6.03 at lower rates, and the reason for this is the frequent use of cars and motors and the more widespread Restaurants, bread ovens.

The vast consumption of fossil fuel as an energy source for the various industrial, commercial and municipal activities, has led to the production of huge air pollutants, in a manner that needs more modern and effective efforts and technologies to prevent their hazardous consequences. This project aims to the use of the subsoil of nearby grounds as a natural filter to distribute these pollutants based on the soil`s high porosity and their ability to handle huge amounts of the gaseous effluents of the artificial projects. Soil properties such as the mechanical properties, porosity and ground water content were tested for different depths for two types of soils, in order to assess their readiness for the tentative use as a gaseous filter and to avoid the possible negative effects for the injection of gaseous pollutants on their biologic systems. An experimental system was made using a 5 KVA power generator, the gaseous emissions of which would be distributed through the subsoil via a buried pipe. The project also, included the precautions for the possible machine backpressure that may damage it. The wet clay type of soil has shown remarkable better performance than the dry sand type.