This work is carried out a study of the typology of local cattle breeding in the Wilaya of Tlemcen, a phenotypic characterization of two local breeds Guelmoise and Tlemcenienne with a preparation of biobank of DNA concerning the latter and relating to 40 blood samples from unrelated animals. The results of the typology (supported by a questionnaire) showed that there is an leaving of the breeding of local breeds in favor of imported breeds are that the local breed is raised exclusively in e extensive system and conditions breeding are really precarious. Quantitative measures (age, chest circumference, height at withers, sacral height, diagonal length, length of head, length of ears, length of horns, length of tail, milk yield) and qualitative (color of the dress, regions) submitted to statistical analyzes show that the two breeds are almost identical, and that there are introductions of exogenous breeds especially in the Tlemcenienne breed, this was confirmed when calculating the diversity index, which showed that the Tlemcenienne breed is more diversified  (H '= 0.31) given the exchanges practiced by breeders and the anarchic crossbreeding of animals, while that of Guelmoise equal to H' = 0.28. This very important preliminary work deserves to be pursued by a molecular characterization of more populations and a wider geographical area.