The change in weather conditions in Central Europe has led to the need to review current standards for fertilization of pulse crops. Physiologists claim that phosphorus may play a significant role in raising tolerance to a temporary lack of water in the soil. The objective of the 2-year field study (2011)(2012) was to assess the effect of phosphorus application on characteristics of the aerial and underground plant parts of different varieties of pea and elements of their yield structure. The study showed that a higher phosphorus application rate led to significant intensification of photosynthesis and thus to more rapid vegetative development in the plants, manifested as a greater number of leaves and greater leaf area. The higher rate of phosphorus application significantly influenced the flowering process of pea during soil drought. The number of flowering nodes increased significantly as phosphorus application increased. The plants fertilized with the higher level of phosphorus produced a greater weight of root nodules with more Rhizobium bacterial colonies. Increased phosphorus fertilization had a significant role during the year of permanent semi-drought, 2012, resulting in a significantly greater number and weight of pods as well as a greater number and weight of seeds per plant, and thus a larger final yield.

There is an urgent need to develop new compensatory and human-safe methods for controlling invasive Heracleum species. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of H. sosnowskyi control under microwave radiation and biochemical changes in tissues and sap after irradiation. In field experiments in southern Poland, the plants were cut and irradiated with a device generating electromagnetic waves (2.45 GHz, 32.8 kW/m2). The control efficacy of plants in the rosette phase irradiated for 5, 10, or 15 min was 20%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The control efficacy of plants in the flowering phase irradiated for 7.5 or 15 min was 66% and 100%. The metabolomic analysis of tissues and sap of irradiated H. sosnowskyi showed significant changes, mainly in the content and composition of proteins and sugars. In tissues, the treatments resulted in protein denaturation and significant changes in the metabolism of amino acids and the glyoxylate and galactose pathways. The sap was rich in sugars, glutamic acid, glutamine, homoserine, serine, and methionine. More changes in metabolite levels were observed in the tissues irradiated for 7.5 min. In conclusion, microwave radiation of H. sosnowskyi for longer times, e.g., 10 and 15 min, efficiently controls it.

This paper deals with the efficiency of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilization on yields and value of N:S ratio for hybrid ryegrass cultivated in monoculture and in a mix with white clover. The research was carried out from 2011-2013 near Krakow in southern Poland. Plants were evaluated in the context of diversified fertilization with nitrogen at rates of 50 and 100 kg N/ha as well as two sulphur-based fertilizers: Arista siarka and Pro-siarka, used at rates of 5, 10, 15 kg S/ha. Independent research findings have shown a clear synergism between nitrogen and sulphur, namely fertilization with sulphur in the form of Arysta siarka and Pro-siarka fertilizers that increased the yields of total aboveground biomass of the plants, from all cuts and decreased the values of the N:S ratio. The highest average dry matter yield was determined after the use of 50 kg N/ha and 15 kg S/ha in the form of Pro-siarka fertilizer, compared to fertilization with 50 kg N/ha, amounting to 0.52-2.08 t/ha for hybrid ryegrass and 0.15-2.40 t/ha for hybrid ryegrass with white clover, respectively. The highest average narrowing of the N:S ratio was calculated in plants fertilized with 100 kg N/ha and 15 kg S/ha in the form of Pro-siarka fertilizer.

Current ecological trends for production of forage for livestock indicate a need for small usage of fertilisers while increasing productivity. The study aimed to assess yield and interactions of selected Lolium and Festulolium species grown in mixtures with Trifolium repens and fertilised with NS, regarding mutual interactions based on available indicators. A two-year field study (2016–2017) was carried out in southern Poland and the research objects were designed on degraded chernozems. The highest yield was observed for mixtures: L. multiflorum + T. repens and L. × boucheanum + T. repens sown in the proportion 50 : 50, fertilised with N₅₀S₁₅. The mean dry matter yield was higher in the 1^st year of the study, in all variants of fertilisation and types of mixtures. The land equivalent ratio differed for species in individual objects, for individual cuts and study years, and was most often higher than 1.0, which points to a positive interference between species in mixtures. Also, the competitive ratio index was often higher than 1.0, which means that grass species were more competitive than white clover. However, in the second year of study T. repens was dominant in multiple objects.

Celem pracy była ocena różnorodności florystycznej ekstensywnie użytkowanych łąk trwałych Beskidu Sądeckiego. Badania florystyczne prowadzono w latach 2017–2019. W runi wybranych łąk stwierdzono 169 gatunków roślin naczyniowych należących do 110 rodzajów i 33 rodzin botanicznych. Wyróżniono związek Arrhenatherion elatioris, reprezentowany przez zespół Gladiolo-Agrostietum capillaris, z liczbą 128 taksonów, oraz związek Calthion, należący do zespołu Cirsietum rivularis, w którym stwierdzono 74  gatunki. Zespół Gladiolo-Agrostietum capillaris odznaczał się wyższym wskaźnikiem różnorodności florystycznej niż zespół Cirsietum rivularis. Rośliny obu analizowanych zespołów w większości preferowały umiarkowane światło i gleby o odczynie obojętnym. W zespole Cirsietum rivularis wyróżniono najwięcej roślin o preferencjach względem gleb zasobnych i wilgotnych. Natomiast w zespole Gladiolo-Agrostietum capillaris stwierdzono najwięcej taksonów o preferencjach gleb umiarkowanie ubogich oraz świeżych.