The aim of this study was to compare seed germination percentage, seedling growth, total chlorophyll and protein content, sugar content, and root and sugar yields of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes at different ploidy levels. Sugar beet seeds from cultivars "Agnessa" and "Felicita" (diploids), and lines "AD 440" and "CBM 315" (tetraploids) were obtained from the Sugar Research Institute, Etimesgut, Ankara. Seed germination percentage was recorded after 4 days, whereas seedling and root lengths were noted 4 and 14 days after the study initiation. The size of epidermal cells in length and width were determined on the upper leaf surface of 6-week-old plants. Six and 10 weeks after seed sowing, plant and root lengths, leaf length and width, plant fresh and dry weights, and total chlorophyll and protein content were measured. Data related to yield components such as sugar content, root and sugar yields were obtained from trials conducted by the Sugar Research Institute under field conditions 6 months after study initiation. In the current study, diploid genotypes showed superior responses regarding generative characteristics while tetraploids passed diploid ones vegetatively in the further stages of the development. Ten weeks after study initiation, the highest results regarding vegetative characters such as plant height, root and leaf lengths, leaf width, approximate leaf area, plant fresh and dry weights, and tissue water content were recorded from tetraploid genotypes as 35.00 cm, 43.85 cm, 18.40 cm, 9.25 , respectively.

The plants belonging to many species in genus Papaver are very similar and have very small chromosomes that make identification very difficult. The study aimed to compare the effects of α-bromonaphtalene and ice cold water pretreatment to identify chromosomes of Papaver species collected from different areas of Iranian West Azerbaijan and Turkish Van, Agri and, Hakkari provinces. The seeds were germinated in Jacobson trays at 24°C under continuous light. Thereafter, roots from 1.5 cm long plantlets were pretreated with α bromonaphtalene for 15, 30, and 45 min or at 0°C in ice cold water for 24 h before fixing, hydrolyzation, and feulgen staining. The ice cold water pretreatment was more appropriate and easy to determine chromosomes. Seeds from seven samples did not germinate. Sixty samples out of the rest of 62 samples were identified as P. pseudo orientale, one sample was identified as P. bracteatum, and another as P. orientale. This is the first study that used ice cold water to determine the chromosomes in papaver species. It is hoped that it will also facilitate to determine chromosome number and identify other papver species.

This study was carried out to compare 'ELK 345' (diploid) and 'CBM 315' (tetraploid) sugar beet lines with respect to in vitro explant growth, shoot regeneration capacity of petiole explants, in vitro rooting and plantlet establishment. Petioles were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 mg l-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on MS medium containing 3 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). It was observed that petiole explants of the tetraploid line 'CBM 315' gave rise to the highest scores with respect to explant fresh and dry weights, shoot regeneration percentage, shoot number per petiole, shoot length, total shoot number per Petri dish, successful rooting and plantlet establishment. Petiole explants of diploid line ('ELK 345') produced 12.61 shoots per explants while petioles of tetraploid line ('CBM') produced 20.23 shoots per explant.

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