Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) seed oil is available for biodiesel production as a wild plant species. In the present study, the cocklebur seeds collected from Muslubelen, Yozgat, Turkey, at 1440 m in 2014 were sown in the Bozok University Agriculture Faculty Topçu Research Area during 2015 and 2016. The maximum crude oil ratio was obtained as 35%. Oleic and linoleic acid contents of cocklebur seed oil were determined as 11.37% and 76.97%, respectively. Some important fuel properties such as density, flash point, water content, copper strip corrosion, iodine value, linolenic acid, methyl ester, and sulfated ash content values were measured and compared to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. These values were found to be within the standard ranges. Cost analysis of the cocklebur plant was also performed and compared to other field crops. According to our results, it seems that agronomic production of cocklebur will be possible in marginal areas because its genetic properties enable cocklebur to grow in dry areas. Therefore, production of cocklebur as an industrial plant may contribute to energy shortages without competing with food production. In areas devoid of sufficient irrigation possibilities, agriculture based on grain and cereal decreases the biodiversity. Production of drought-tolerant plants such as cocklebur in these areas will have positive effects on conservation and development of biodiversity in the ecosystem.

ABSTRACT:It was aimed to determine anioxidant activity, and amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of P. ferulaceae (L.) Lindl. fruits from Turkey. The fruits were collected at two different times, in May and July 2014. The total phenolic content of the extracts determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu Reactifi (FCR) method was calculated as mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g -1 extract. The total flavonoid content of the extracts was expressed as mg Quercetin (QE) g -1 extract. The percentage of antioxidant activity of each samples was assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radical assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined to range from 11.750 to 79.111 mg GAE g -1 extract and from 2.266 to 9.089 mg QE g -1 extract, respectively. According to the results of DPPH test, all fruit extracts exhibited a slightly antioxidant activity.

Ö zet: Bu çalışma Yozgat il sınırları içerisinde bulunan 1440 m rakımlı Muslubelen Geçidi'nden 2014 yılı içerisinde toplanan pıtrak (Xanthium strumarium L.) tohumlarının çimlendirilmesinde kullanılabilecek en uygun metodun belirlenm e si amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, farklı GA₃ (50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm) ve sıcaklık (etüvde 90 °C ve 120 °C'de 1, 5 v e 10 dakika) muamelesine tabi tutulan pıtrak tohumlarının çimlenme gözlemleri takip edilmiş; 13 farklı uygulamada 1 0 farklı gözlemle çimlenme süreleri ve oranlarına bakılmıştır. Çimlenme süreleri kontrol, 24 saat 50, 250, 500, 1000 ve 2000 ppm GA₃ ile 10 dakika etüvde 90 °C ve 120 °C uygulamalarında çimlenme süresi 10 gün olarak tespit edilirken; 1 dakika etüvde 90 °C ve 120 °C (8 ve 11. uygulamalar), 5 dakika etüvde 90 °C ve 120 °C (9 ve 12. uygulamalar) uygulamalarında ise çimlenme süresi 11 gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, 13. uygulamada (10 dk etüvde 120 °C) çimlenme süresi 18 gün olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Çimlenme oranları ise 13. uygulamada yaklaşık % 26 olarak gerçekleşirken, 9. uygulamada (5 dk etüvde 90 °C) bu oran % 70 olmuş, diğer uygulamalarda ise pıtrak tohumlarının % 90 -100 arasında çimlendiği tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çimlendirme metotları, pıtrak, Xanthium strumarium L.Abstract: T his study was carried out to determine the most suitable method for the germination of cocklebur ( Xanthium strumarium L.) seeds collected in 2014 from the Muslubelen Pass at 1440 m in Yozgat province. Cocklebur seeds treated with different GA₃ (50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm) and temperature (in the oven 90 °C and 120 °C for 1, 5 and 10 min ut es) and seed germination was observed. Germination times and rates were determined by 10 different observations in 13 different applications. Germination times for 24 h GA3 (50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm), 10 min. in oven (90 °C and 12 0 °C) was determined as 10 days, and for 1 min. in oven 90 °C and 120 °C (8 and 11th application), and 5 min. in oven 90 °C an d 120 °C (9 and 12th application) germination times determined as 11 days. T he germination time in the 13th application ( 1 0 min at 120 ° C) was 18 days. Germination rates of cocklebur seeds were found to be about 26% in the 13th application (10 min of the plant 120° C), 70% in the 9th application (5 min . of the plant 90° C) and 90-100% in other applications.

Chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation from Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) harvested before flowering (BF), 50% of flowering (50%F), full flowering (FF), and after flowering (AF) stages were determined using GC and GC/MS analysis. The essential oil contents were 0.8%, 0.96%, 1.22% and 1.38% in BF, 50% F, FF and AF, respectively. In total, 20 compounds were identified, with artemisia ketone (28.30%-37.15%), camphor (18.00%-23.30%), and 1,8-cineole (9.00%-10.39%) as main components. The highest amounts of the three main components were recorded in the essential oils of the plants harvested in the FF stage. Also, the free radicals scavenging activity of the essential oils, tested by using DPPH method, were found to be in order of FF>50% F>AF>BF. ÖZETÇiçeklenme öncesi (ÇÖ), % 50 çiçeklenme (% 50 Ç), tam çiçeklenme (TÇ) ve çiçeklenme sonrası (ÇS) dönemlerinde hasat edilen Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae)'dan su distilasyonu yöntemiyle elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal kompozisyonu GC ve GC/MS kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Uçucu yağ içerikleri ÇÖ, % 50 Ç, TÇ ve ÇS dönemlerinde sırasıyla % 0.8, % 0.96, % 1.22 ve % 1.38 bulunmuştur. Toplamda 20 bileşenin tespiti yapılmış olup, artemisia ketone (% 28.30-% 37.15), camphor (% 18.00-% 23.30) ve 1,8-cineole (% 9.00-% 10.39) ana bileşenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Üç ana bileşene ait en yüksek değerlere tam çiçeklenme döneminde hasat edilen bitkilerin uçucu yağlarında kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, DPPH yöntemiyle test edilen uçucu yağların serbest radikal yakalama aktivitesi TÇ˃% 50 Ç˃ÇS˃ÇÖ sırasında bulunmuştur.

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