Aims/Introduction Diet therapy is a vital approach to manage type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. However, the comparative efficacy of different eating patterns is not clear enough. We aimed to compare the efficacy of various eating patterns for glycemic control, anthropometrics, and serum lipid profiles in the management of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. Materials and Methods We conducted a network meta‐analysis using arm‐based Bayesian methods and random effect models, and drew the conclusions using the partially contextualized framework. We searched twelve databases and yielded 9,534 related references, where 107 studies were eligible, comprising 8,909 participants. Results Eleven diets were evaluated for 14 outcomes. Caloric restriction was ranked as the best pattern for weight loss (SUCRA 86.8%) and waist circumference (82.2%), low‐carbohydrate diets for body mass index (81.6%), and high‐density lipoprotein (84.0%), and low‐glycemic‐index diets for total cholesterol (87.5%) and low‐density lipoprotein (86.6%). Other interventions showed some superiorities, but were imprecise due to insufficient participants and needed further investigation. The attrition rates of interventions were similar. Meta‐regression suggested that macronutrients, energy intake, and weight may modify outcomes differently. The evidence was of moderate‐to‐low quality, and 38.2% of the evidence items met the minimal clinically important differences. Conclusions The selection and development of dietary strategies for diabetic/prediabetic patients should depend on their holistic conditions, i.e., serum lipid profiles, glucometabolic patterns, weight, and blood pressure. It is recommended to identify the most critical and urgent metabolic indicator to control for one specific patient, and then choose the most appropriate eating pattern accordingly.

Background: There is no existing research on hormone overdose and misuse (HODM) in Chinese transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) population, and little is known in this field. Objectives: We aim to determine the definition and criteria of HODM in Chinese TGNCs, address the rate of HODM in Chinese TGNC population, explore related factors and behavioral risks, identify the probable causes, and explore long-term effects. Methods: We propose: (1) a mixed-method study comprising expert panel meetings and stakeholder engagement to identify HODM criteria, types and grades; (2) a cross-sectional study to quantify HODM incidence rates, related factors and behavioral risks; (3) semi-structured interviews and focus groups to explore HODM motivations and reasons; and (4) a prospective cohort study to evaluate HODM long-term effects. Ethics: The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Xiamen University (XDYX202210K27). Dissemination: Results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals, and a public-oriented version of the main findings will be prepared and disseminated through social media and online communities. The study will be completed before September 2023 except for the cohort study. Preliminary findings of the cohort study will be reported by March 2026. Key words: Transgender Persons; Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy; Stakeholder Participation; Mixed Methods Research; China

ObjectivesThe administration of nursing assistants (NAs) is closely associated with patient outcomes, but studies evaluating intrahospital administration of NAs are limited. This study aimed to identify existing literature on intrahospital NAs’ administration approaches.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, CNKI, APA PsycInfo, Wanfang Med, SinoMed, Ovid Emcare, NICE, AHRQ, CADTH, JBI EBP and Cochrane DSR were searched for articles published between January 2011 and March 2022.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesQualitative, quantitative or mixed-method studies and evidence syntheses that evaluate administration approaches, models and appraisal tools of intrahospital NAs were included.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers conducted search, data selection and data extraction according to Joanna Briggs Institute guidance and methodology for scoping review. The quality of included studies was assessed using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool or AMSTAR V.2. Data were synthesised using narrative methods and frequency effect size analysis.ResultsThirty-six studies were eligible, with acceptable quality. We identified 1 administration model, 9 administration methods, 15 educational programmes and 7 appraisal tools from the included studies. The frequency effect size analysis yielded 15 topics of the main focus at four levels, suggesting that included articles were mainly (33%) focused on the competency of NAs, and the lectures were the most (80%) used strategy in quality improvement projects. Evidence from the studies was of low-to-moderate quality, indicating huge gaps between evidence-based research and management practice.ConclusionsPractical intrahospital administration approaches were revealed, and fifteen primarily focused topics were identified. We should explore this area more thoroughly using structured frameworks and standardised methodology. This scoping review will help managers find more effective ways to improve the quality of care. Researchers may focus more on evidence-based practice in NA administration using the 15 topics as a breakthrough.

The study aimed to compare and rank the efficacy of various eating patterns for glycemic control, anthropometrics, and serum lipid profiles in the management of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, and provide evidence for personalized clinical decision-making. We conducted a network meta-analysis using arm-based Bayesian methods and random effect models following the Cochrane handbook. We drew the conclusions using the partially contextualized framework by the GRADE working group. Twelve English and Chinese databases and registers were retrieved, and we obtained 9,534 references, of which 107 independent studies were eligible, including 8,909 participants, ten experimental diets, and thirteen outcome variables. The meta-analysis denoted that: caloric restriction was ranked as the best pattern for weight loss (SUCRA 86.8%) and reducing waist circumference (82.2%), high-fiber diets for lowering fasting plasma glucose (82.1%) and insulin (79.4%), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension for reducing glycated hemoglobin (90.5%) and systolic blood pressure (87.9%), simple high-protein diets for improving insulin resistance (86.3%) and diastolic blood pressure (74.6%), low-carbohydrate diets for improving body mass index (81.6%) and high-density lipoprotein (84.0%), low-glycemic-index diets for lowering total cholesterol (87.5%) and low-density lipoprotein (86.6%), and Paleolithic diets for reducing triacylglycerol (83.4%). However, the results were of moderate sensitivity, and publication bias of glycated hemoglobin, weight, and body mass index existed. Meta-regression suggested that macronutrients, energy intake, baseline, and weight may modify outcomes differently, while the duration did not show a significant association with results. Forty-nine (39.8%) out of 123 pieces of evidence was rated as moderate quality, and there was no high-quality evidence. Additionally, only 38.2% of the effect sizes of the evidence met the minimally important clinical difference threshold. Clinicians can use the evidence to provide personalized nutrition consultations to patients according to their baseline characteristics. However, the results should be carefully explained and applied because of the sensitivity and low quality.

Objectives: Administration of nursing assistants is closely associated with patient outcomes, but the current circumstances are tough and need improvement. There was limited research evaluating the intrahospital administration of nursing assistants, and there is a lack of available systematic reviews of the area. The aim of this article was to identify and synthesize the literature on intrahospital nursing assistants' administration approaches. Design: Scoping review. Search strategy: We searched PubMed, Embase, APA PsycInfo, Wanfang Med, SinoMed, CINAHL, Ovid Emcare, Scopus, ProQuest, CNKI, NICE, AHRQ, CADTH, JBI EBP and Cochrane DSR for English and Chinese language articles published between January 2011 and March 2022. Publications on administration approaches, models and appraisal tools of nursing assistants in hospitals, including qualitative, quantitative, mix-methods studies and evidence syntheses, were considered eligible. Results: 36 eligible studies were included for the review with an acceptable quality. We identified one administration model, nine administration methods, fifteen educational programmes and seven appraisal tools from the included studies. The frequency effect size analysis yielded 15 topics of main focus at four levels, whilst suggesting that the previous articles were mostly (33%) focused on the competency of nursing assistants, and the lectures were the most (80%) used strategy in quality improvement projects. The evidence-based quality of the original studies was considerably low, indicating the huge gaps between the evidence-based research and the management practice. Conclusions: A series of practical intrahospital administration approaches was revealed, and fifteen mostly focused topics were identified. We need probe more thoroughly in this area, based more on effective management theories and frameworks, and employing methods of higher quality. This scoping review will help managers find more effective methods to improve the quality of care. Researchers may focus more on evidence-based nursing skills and methods in nursing assistant administration using the 15 topics as breakthrough points.