In this work, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is critically discussed and its application analytically compared with alternative energy source.CHP efficiency was first compared with the conventional generation and realised that, for equivalent heat and power production, CHP exhibits a higher efficiency than conventional generation. For example, energy input of 215J and 170J for Conventional generation and CHP respectively produces equal amounts of heat and power with CHP having efficiency of 76.5% which is 16.5% more efficient than the conventional type with 60%. Factors influencing the choice of a CHP plant such as financial considerations, Environmental and Compliance considerations, Site Specific considerations and Technical parameters Considerations are vastly discussed. Since the choice of a CHP and its application depends on the type of the prime mover, different types of the CHPs and their applications were then discussed to understand their working principles and the choice of the fuel used. Two typical case scenarios were analytically compared to look into the most economical way of acquiring heat and power for a plant. Cogeneration (A) was compared with buying of electrical power from the national grid and at the same time producing thermal energy in the plant using natural gas fired boiler(B). From cost analysis of the case scenarios, it is confirmed that cogeneration (A) is the most economical aspect compared to alternative B. Finally, the advantages and the disadvantages of a CHP are explored.

Abstract:Copolymerizations of propylene with ω-alkenols (aluminum-protected 5-hexene-1-ol (AH) and 10-undecene-1-ol (AU)) and non-polar analogues (1-hexene and 1-dodecene) were conducted with a rac-[Me 2 Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind) 2 ]ZrCl 2 activated by modified methylaluminoxane. The catalytic system showed high activity for each copolymerization, of which value was independent on the comonomer used and decreased with the increase of the comonomer concentration. The comonomer content of the copolymers obtained also decreased with the increase of the comonomer concentration in each copolymer. The evaluation of the monomer reactivity ratios indicates a preference for the propylene insertion regardless of the last inserted monomer unit in growing polymer chain in all the copolymerizations. The relative reactivity of ω-alkenols was however significantly lower than that of non-polar analogues. These results suggested that the aluminum protection of polar monomer do not affect the activity of copolymerization but significantly decrease the comonomer reactivity.

Optical microscopy with respect to advanced scientific research can be referred to as the basic techniques for the characterization of materials. Optical microscopy is expected to remain useful in the science world for a long time. Despite being presumed a basic tool, it is capable of giving very detailed information that reveals a lot about the materials preparations, heat treatment prior to observation, defects in the material as well as alloy composition. Relatively hard metals such as titanium, tungsten and steels are easy to prepare for microscopic examination unlike soft materials such as tin and aluminum that pose serious challenges during their preparation leading to defects such as deep scratch lines, embedded abrasive particles, dust particles, as well as water marks covering the polished surface. The material used in this study Cu50Ti25Zr15Ni10 was produced by arc melting. The alloy ingots were re-melted at least 4 times for homogenization of the master alloy. The alloy ingot was then suction cast into a 3mm rod. The alloy metals used for the ingots had purities greater than 99.9% and were purchased from Zhongnuo Advanced Materials (Beijing) Technology Co. Ltd China. The objective of this work was to show the importance of proper and correct specimen preparation in revealing the basic and detailed information concerning the structure, as well as its morphology. A perfectly ground and polished surface is free from defect arising from preparation method hence the presumption that microscopy is a basic science does since even advanced structures can be revealed. It is imperative that a good quality optical microscope be purchased especially when resources are scarce and advanced materials characterization techniques are not available. In can be concluded that with a good quality optical microscope, microscopy as a technique will continue to play a critical role during decision making and that a polished surface will only give accurate information about a given specimen if all preparation stages and steps are taken into consideration, adhered to and carefully and professionally done.

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