The increasing pressure from different facets of society exerted on multinational companies (MNCs) to become more philanthropic and claim ownership of their impacts is now becoming a standard practice. Although research in corporate social responsibility (CSR) has arguably been recent (see subsequent section), the application of activities taking a voluntary form from MNCs seem to vary reflecting a plethora of factors, particularly one obvious being the backwater local communities of developing countries where most of the natural extraction projects are located. This chapter examines views of two Papua New Guinea (PNG) local communities hosting large-scale mining operations and explains the demands arising from situational relativities, which are becoming too conspicuous for mine developers not to ignore. The research undertaken with several assertions highlights the perceived imperativeness allowing companies to integrate the CSR into the essential management pursuits of running mines in PNG.

This paper examines the broad range of informal land transactions and arrangements migrants are entering into with customary landowners to gain access to customary land for export cash cropping in the oil palm belt of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Whilst these arrangements can provide migrants with relatively secure access to land, there are instances of migrants losing their land rights. Typically, the land tenure arrangements of migrants with more secure access to land are within a framework of property rights for social inclusion whereby customary landowners' inalienable rights to land are preserved and the 'outsider' becomes an 'insider' with ongoing use rights to the land. Through socially embedding land transactions in place-based practices of nonmarket exchange, identities of difference are eroded as migrants assume identities as part of their host groups. This adaptability of customary land tenure and its capacity to accommodate large migration in-flows and expanding commodity production undermines the argument common amongst proponents of land reform that customary tenure is static and inflexible. Before such claims are heeded, there must be more detailed empirical investigations of the diverse range of land tenure regimes operating in areas of the country experiencing high rates of immigration.Relationship between people is commercial, where obligations and commitments are thin. Short-term relationship between people. Concept of absolute unitary ownership.Property law for stranger relations. FREEHOLD PRINCIPLES Relationships between relatives where kin networks bind people together in a web of mutual obligations and commitments. Long-term relationships between relatives. Concept of relational property and land as an inalienable resource Property law for kin relations CUSTOMARY PRINCIPLES Figure 2. Cooter's concept of property law in PNG G. Koczberski et al.

In recent history, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become synonymous with large business organizations' philanthropic contributions to society. Obviously in the mining industry, because of the nature of its activities in affecting both environment and people, the demand for this voluntary activity from multinational mining companies (MNMCs) by society has become inevitable. This function of CSR had been achieved through the utilization of community engagement discourse with external communities. The main purpose, amongst others, of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of Papua New Guinea (PNG) Ok Tedi mine's community engagement discourse in responding to local community development demands in compensation for adverse environmental impact in its riverine area. It will highlight the critical signifi cance of community engagement discourse as a prime mover in facilitating the achievement of corporate social responsible development projects or lack of it pertaining to a group of mine-affected riverine local community in PNG.

This paper looks at the formation and working of a 'green mining workforce' in a Papua New Guinea (PNG) mine. It describes and analyses a group of tribesmen whose entry into the modern wage-earning workforce has resulted from the establishment of a large mining project in their area. The Porgeran tribesmen', of the Highlands of PNG have embraced the concept of monetary employment and quickly assimilated into the mining work environment. However, their admission into wage employment has been achieved through a series of personal and workplace challenges, as anticipated of any transitory workforce. The paper discusses those challenges and also takes into consideration the views and perceptions of non-Porgeran mining workers towards them. Hence, one of the major objectives of this paper is to address the transformation of this tribal people into a modern wage-earning workforce. It concludes by identifying possible avenues for anthropological studies of such groups of people to record their peculiar perceptions of, and attitudes to, an alien but promising new alternative to their subsistence life style.

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