This research was supported, under the auspices of the Open Research Area (Application BO 3973/1-1; Principal Investigator, Michael E Lamb), by grants from the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC; Grant ES/K006150/1; Principal Investigator, Michael E. Lamb), The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO; Grant NWO 464-11-001, Principal Investigator, Henny W.M. Bos) and the French Agence Nationale de Recherche (ANR; Grant ANR-12-ORAR-00005-01, Principal Investigator, Olivier Vecho) whose support is gratefully acknowledged. There were no competing interests.

No abstract

No abstract

3Little research has focused on the emotions felt during pregnancy and early parenthood as 4 well as the initial quality of parenting displayed by first-time parents who conceived using 5 assisted reproduction technologies (surrogacy, donor insemination, and in vitro fertilization). 6Research on primary and secondary caregivers in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual families is