Analyse processuelle : sociologie des parcours d'engagement Trajectoires religieuses Colorations politiques des engagements Engagements dans la violence Fanatiques religieux ou militants politiques ? Analyse psycho-émotionnelle : radicalisation et déni de reconnaissance Le sens subjectif donné à la violence Représentations de soi et de l'autre Représentations objectivées des autres Situations et variables sociologiques et normatives expliquant le sentiment d'impuissance et d'humiliation Grilles normatives Analyse cognitive de la radicalisation De faibles connaissances religieuses... … mais une vision géopolitique claire et structurée Un discours au simplisme attractif... … qui s'adapte aux codes culturels occidentaux Une vision eschatologique Un aspect cognitif surévalué à des fins de minoration de fragilités non assumées SYNTHÈSE 84 DES ENSEIGNEMENTS BIOGRAPHIQUES Tableau synthétique des djihadistes 85 Tableau synthétique des nationalistes 87 Éléments des synthèses : djihadistes 89 Les facteurs sociologiques 89 Les facteurs processuels 89 Les facteurs cognitifs 91 Les facteurs psychologiques 92 Analyse des synthèses nationalistes et éléments 93 de comparaison avec la radicalisation djihadiste Les facteurs sociologiques 93 Les facteurs processuels 93 Les facteurs cognitifs 94 Les facteurs psychologiques 95 VERBATIM : PAROLES DE DJIHADISTES ل l م m ن n ه h ة a/ah/ at و w/ū ي y/ī ء ' [1] Les individus placés en détention préventive ne sont pas accessibles sans l'accord des magistrats instructeurs.
ECM remodeling is a key feature in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Integrins link the cytoskeleton with the ECM and regulate adhesion/migration. MMPs are the major degrading enzymes important for cell motility. Binding of the MMP-2 zymogen to alpha v beta 3 is necessary for its full activation, thereby coordinating cell motility with membrane-associated proteolysis. The alpha v integrin chain is synthesized as a proprotein that is endoproteolytically activated by furin. Furin is the prototype proprotein convertase, highly expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of furin in integrin -MMP coordination and cooperation in VSMCs. Methods and Results: Treatment of VSMCs with either the furin inhibitor dec-CMK (50 umol/L) or an MMP-inhibitor (GM6001; 25 umol/L) significantly inhibited VSMC Matrigel invasion (p<0.05 vs. controls). Immunoblotting demonstrated that dec-CMK inhibited alpha v endoproteolytic activation, but this did not affect alpha v membrane expression assessed by FACS analysis. Zymography revealed that in dec-CMK or TSR1265 (10 umol/L; an inhibitor of MMP-2 binding to alpha v beta 3) treated cells, maturation of the intermediate 68 kDa MMP-2 to its fully active 62 kDa form was significantly decreased (p<0.05 vs. controls). Furthermore, dec-CMK significantly inhibited binding of FITC-conjugated pro-MMP-2 to the cell surface of VSMCs. Immunfluorescence and 3D in gel zymography demonstrated that inhibition of endoproteolytic cleavage of the alpha v integrin inhibits actin rearrangement and focal contact formation upon integrin stimulation (matrix adhesion or PMA treatment), as well as membrane-associated proteolysis. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that endoproteolytic cleavage of alpha v integrin by furin regulates not only integrin activation, but also affects MMP-2 maturation. Endoproteolytic activation of alpha v is required for cytoskeleton rearrangement upon integrin stimulation and focal contact formation, as well as the coordination and cooperation of integrins and MMPs. Therefore furin-convertase may be a novel target in atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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