Abstract:8 This study presents the application of an integrated water management strategy at two 9 large Australian manufacturing companies that are contrasting in terms of their respective 10 products. The integrated strategy, consisting of water audit, pinch analysis and membrane 11 process application, was deployed in series to systematically identify water conservation 12 opportunities. Initially, a water audit was deployed to completely characterize all water 13 streams found at each production site. This led to the development of a water balance 14 diagram which, together with water test results, served as a basis for subsequent enquiry. 15After the water audit, commercially available water pinch software was utilized to identify 16 possible water reuse opportunities, some of which were subsequently implemented on site.

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This study presents the evaluation of different polymeric membranes for the reclamation of wastewater generated by two manufacturers. Specifically, ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were evaluated for wastewater pretreatment use while nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were evaluated for wastewater reclamation use. Results show that both the UF membranes used were not suitable for pretreatment of the oily wastewater stream due to the presence of suspended cathodic electrodeposition (CED) paint particles. The CED paint particles rapidly deposit on the membrane surface resulting in severe fouling and very low permeate fluxes. With respect to the metals and beverage wastewater streams, the polyvinylidine-difluoride (PVDF) UF membrane was shown to be more suitable for pretreatment than the polyacrylonitrile UF membrane. The PVDF-UF membrane had relatively lower flux decline rates, higher turbidity and higher total organic carbon reduction rates. Meanwhile, the lowpressure RO membrane proved to be suitable for wastewater reclamation of the oily and beverage wastewater streams -showing low flux decline rates, high conductivity and high chemical oxygen demand reduction rates. In terms of reclaiming the metals wastewater stream, the NF membrane proved more suitable than the low-pressure RO membrane. The NF membrane had relatively higher permeate fluxes and metals rejection rates compared to the RO membrane.