Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of GnRH neurons must occur. The GnRH neurons extend their neurosecretory axons to the hypothalamus where GnRH is released into the pituitary portal vessels to elicit the secretion of LH and FSH, which in turn, will promote gonadal development and support reproductive physiology. Genetic studies have demonstrated that disabling mutations and targeted deletions of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR54) generated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This link between GPR54 and reproduction, generated attention to the natural ligands of the GPR54 receptor, known as kisspeptins, which are translational products of the hypothalamic gene KiSS1. Recent advances in kisspeptin research have defined a major role of this molecule in controlling the onset of the reproductive function observed at puberty. The aim of this review is to highlight the basic endocrine and genetic concepts involved in the establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis function which promotes the onset of the reproductive function during puberty. The review highlights what is currently known about the kisspeptin-GPR54 signalling system in the activation of the GnRH neurons.
Las series de temperaturas máxima y mínima diarias, con registros de al menos 30 años, de 23 estaciones meteorológicas de la Comarca Lagunera y lugares cercanos, fueron analizadas con las técnicas de regresión lineal simple y densidad de espectro potencial para obtener las tendencias y frecuencias significativas. Las series de 15 de las 23 estaciones presentaron tendencias significati¬vas (P≤0.05) para ambas temperaturas. El promedio de las tendencias de temperatura máxima fue de -0.22 °C por decenio; pues 15 de las 23 series presentaron decrementos, 13 de forma significa¬tiva. El promedio de las tendencias de temperatura mínima fue de -0.085 °C por decenio; ya que 13 de 23 series presentaron tendencias negativas, 11 de forma significativa. La variación a largo plazo fue la predominante ya que los promedios de dimensión fractal fueron 1.46 y de 1.47 para tempe¬ratura máxima y mínima, respectivamente. La mayoría de las series presentaron frecuencias cuasi-bianuales, cuasi-trianuales y cuasi-tetra-anuales. En cinco estaciones se apreciaron frecuencias de 10 a 11 años para ambos tipos de temperatura; una estación presentó la frecuencia de 20 años en las dos temperaturas.
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