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Within this study, an enzymatic hydrolysis process using α-cellulosic feedstock was<br /> performed in a specially designed plug-flow reactor, referred to as an Oscillatory Flow<br /> Bioreactor (OFB). The aims of this approach were to achieve intensification in terms of<br /> realising a more energy- and resource-efficient enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as to set the<br /> basis for continuous processes in such a reactor. The OFB performance was evaluated for<br /> high solid loadings of up to 15 %, and compared to the performance of a Stirred Tank Reactor (STR). Experimental results of the OFB operating at an oscillation frequency of<br /> 2 Hz and an oscillation amplitude of 10 mm exhibit better conversion efficiencies (+ 6.7 %)<br /> than the STR after 24 h, while requiring only 7 % of the STR power density (W m–3). Therefore, the OFB enables efficient, uniform mixing at lower power densities than STRs for applications with high solid loadings.

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For optimizing thermal energy supply in industry, a holistic integral approach is required that includes possibilities of demand reduction by heat recovery and process integration, and by an intelligent combination of efficient heat and cold supply technologies. EINSTEIN is a tool-kit (methodology and software tool) for fast and high quality thermal energy audits in industry, composed by an audit guide describing the methodology and by a software tool that guides the auditor through all the audit steps. The main features of EINSTEIN software tool are: (1) a basic questionnaire helps for systematic collection of the necessary information with the possibility to acquire data by distance; (2) a fast consistency checking and estimation of missing data, so that already with very few data some first predictions can be made; (3) a standardized model for industrial processes and industrial heat supply systems; (4) semi-automatisation: the software tool gives support to decision making for the generation of alternative heat & cold supply proposals, carries out automatically all the necessary calculations, and creates a standard audit report. Over 150 auditors have been trained in several training courses and the software tool has been tested within 90 audits in 6 European countries. The result of these 90 audits showed a big potential of CO2 savings by energy efficiency and the implementation of renewable energy like solar process heat or CHP.