Introduction: Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis of the face. The pathogenesis of melasma is multifactorial and may be caused by interactions between genetics and the environment. Research has shown that skin pigmentation is regulated by the Melanocortin-1 Receptor gene ( MC1R ). In Japanese populations, Val92Met and Arg163Gln genotypes of MC1R gene polymorphisms are associated with freckles and lentigo solaris, because they have skin types II–III, but for Indonesians who are skin type IV, hyperpigmentation disorders are often melasma. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between Val92Met and Arg163Gln genotypes of MC1R gene polymorphisms with the incidence of melasma in a Javanese women population. Patients and methods: This study used unmatched case-control design, conducted by clinical examination and questionnaire. Data were analyzed with Chi-squared test and Odds Ratio (OR). Results: This study evaluated 158 Javanese women from 18–60 years old with 79 case and 79 control subjects. The genotype of Val92Met was found more common in melasma subjects than in non-melasma (p = 0.005) with (OR2.53; 95% CI:1.21–5.29). By using a bivariate test we showed sun exposure and family history of melasma were risk factors for melasma (OR:1.99; 95% CI:1.04–3.78) and (OR:35.32; 95% CI:10.25–121.70). However, genotype of Arg163Gln was not a risk factor for the incidence of melasma (OR: 0.86; 95% CI:0.39–1.89). Conclusion: The findings showed Val92Met genotypes, sun exposure and family history were risk factors for melasma incidence. This is the first study on incidence of melasma in an Indonesian population and contributes to ongoing efforts to understand the mechanisms of melasma.

Melasma merupakan kelainan hiperpigmentasi pada wajah dan terdistribusi secara simetris. Lebihbanyak terjadi pada wanita usia reproduktif dan banyak terjadi pada seseorang dengan tipe kulit III-V.Melasma sering memberikan dampak negatif pada kualitas hidup pasien dalam hubungan sosial. Kelainanini sangat sulit diobati dan memerlukan biaya yang cukup mahal, namun sering tidak memuaskan baikbagi pasien maupun dokter yang menanganinya. Patogenesis melasma bersifat multifaktor dan belum dapatdijelaskan sepenuhnya. Faktor genetik, hormon, dan pajanan ultra-violet (UV) merupakan faktor risikomelasma. Dari semua faktor tersebut diduga faktor genetik dan pajanan matahari berperan utama dalampatogenesis melasma. Selain itu riwayat melasma dalam keluarga juga merupakan faktor risiko. Beberapapenelitian terbaru menemukan beberapa ekspresi gen dan melibatkan beberapa jalur yang berperan dalampatogenesis melasma. Gen melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) merupakan salah satu gen yang diduga berperansecara genetik pada melasma.Kata kunci: Melasma, genetik, hormonal, pajanan UV dan MC1-R

Introduction: Melanogenesis is the mechanism of melanin formation in the skin or hair, which is produced by melanosomes in melanocytes. Melanin is the main coloring pigment of the skin, hair and eyes, and also functions as a photoprotection against ultra-violet (UV) exposure.Methods: A total 20 relevant literatures which focused on skin pigmentation and melanogenesis were used to construct this review. The articles were published from 1998-2018. Most of the literatures were basic research and the clinical information were extracted from their discussion.Result: The process of melanogenesis starts from the migrational process of melanoblasts which are precursors of melanocyte cells originating from the neural crest into the epidermal layer and hair follicles. Many factors play a role in melanogenis both intrinsically and extrinsically, the dominant intrinsic factor is Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone-α (α-MSH) while the extrinsic factor that plays a role is UV ray.Conclusion: Melanogenesis is a complex process which influenced by a wide array of internal and external factors with α-MSH and UV ray act as the main regulators. Due to delicate nature of this process, defect in a certain stage could result in significant medical condition.

Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is an inflammation of skin caused by direct cytotoxic effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on epidermal cells without a presence of specific antibody production. It was reported that a 40-year-old man, complaining of itching and a burned sensation on his skins accompanied by pain after contaminated by sap of Rengas. Diagnosis of ICD was established by history taking and physical examination: there are erythematous, multiple, discrete papules, partly necrotic-erythematous skin base on his forearm and right lower abdomen. The patient was treated with mometasone furoate smeared and antihistamines once a night. A characteristic of the sap is black on its woods. Compounds of the sap contain ursiol, rengol, glutarengol, laccol and thitsiol that are irritants causing the ICD. Dermatitis kontak iritan (DKI) adalah peradangan pada kulit akibat efek sitotoksik langsung dari bahan kimia, fisik atau agen biologis pada sel-sel epidermis tanpa disertai adanya produksi anti-bodi yang spesifik. Dilaporkan kasus seorang laki-laki berumur 40 tahun, mengeluh gatal dan adanya rasa panas disertai perih setelah terkena getah pohon Rengas. Diagnosis Dermatitis kontak iritan ditegakkan dengan anamnesis dan gambaran klinis, berupa papul eritematosa, multiple,diskret, sebagian tampak nekrotik dengan dasar kulit yang eritematosa pada lengan bawah dan bagian perut bawah kanan. Penatalaksanaan kasus dengan mometason furoat yang dioles dua kali sehari dan antihistamin yang diminum satu kali sehari malam. Getah pohon Rengas mempunyai karaateristik getah yang berwarna hitam pada batangnya. Senyawa getah Rengas mengandung ursiol, rengol, glutarengol, laccol dan thitsiol yang diduga merupakan bahan iritan dalam kasus ini sebagai penyebab dermatitis kontak iritan.

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, therefore struggles to find more effective treatment and prevention is needed. Several studies has been performed using natural ingredients, one of which is Temu Kunci (B. pandurata). Temu Kunci extract contains flavonoid pinostrobin that has been showed as having cytotoxicity effects. Cytotoxicity tests of pinostrobin have been performed on several tumor cell lines, but its cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cell line has never been reported. Objective: To assess cytotoxicity effect of pinostrobin temu kunci on HeLa cell culture Methods: This study used simple experimental design. Pinostrobin were isolated from temu kunci and proved by TLC densitometry compared to standard pinostrobin. HeLa cell culture were treated with pinostrobin with concentrations 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 250 ug/mL. Cytotoxicity test were performed by MTT assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: There was significant difference (p=0.000) of means of cell viability percentage, respectively: 92.58 ± 9.84 (5µg/mL), 91.78 ± 4.4 (25µg/mL), 80.09 ± 4.51 (50µg/mL), 76.89 ± 7.75 (75µg/mL), 67.85 ± 11.31 (100µg/mL), dan 48.82 ± 16.61 (250µg/mL). The IC50 was 250µg/mL. Conclusion: Pinostrobin showed no active cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cell culture. Latar Belakang: Penyakit kanker merupakan salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi hampir di seluruh dunia, sehingga diperlukan berbagai upaya untuk pencarian pengobatan dan pencegahan yang lebih efektif. Beberapa penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahan yang berasal dari alam. Salah satu bahan alam Indonesia yang banyak diteliti adalah tumbuhan rimpang Temu Kunci (B. pandurata). Ekstrak tumbuhan tersebut mengandung antioksidan flavonoidpinostrobin yang diketahui memiliki daya toksisitas terhadap sel kanker, tetapi belum diketahui bagaimana daya sitotoksisitasnya terhadap kultur sel HeLa. Tujuan: Untuk mengkaji daya sitotoksik pinostrobin temu kunci terhadap kultur sel HeLa. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunaan desain eksperimental murni. Pinostrobin diisolasi dari rimpang temukunci dan dibuktikan dengan analisis densitometri TLC dibandingkan dengan