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The possible role ofβ-2 adrenergic receptors in modulation of inflammatory and nociceptive conditions suggests that theβ-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, salbutamol, may have beneficial anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Therefore, in this study, we induced inflammatory and nociceptive responses with carrageenan-induced paw edema or cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models, both of which result in oxidative stress. We hypothesized that salbutamol would prevent inflammatory and nociceptive responses by stimulatingβ-2 adrenergic receptors and the prevention of generation of ROS during the acute inflammation process in rats. Both doses of salbutamol used in the study (1 and 2 mg/kg) effectively blocked the acute inflammation and inflammatory nociception induced by carrageenan. In the cotton-pellet-induced granuloma test, both doses of salbutamol also significantly decreased the weight of granuloma tissue on the cotton pellets when compared to the control. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of salbutamol were found to be comparable with those of indomethacin. Salbutamol decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and level of glutathione (GSH) during the acute phase of inflammation. In conclusion, salbutamol can decrease acute and chronic inflammation, possibly through the stimulation ofβ-2 adrenergic receptors. This anti-inflammatory effect may be of significance in asthma treatment, where inflammation also takes part in the etiopathology. This study reveals that salbutamol has significant antioxidative effects, which at least partially explain its anti-inflammatory capabilities. These findings presented here may also shed light on the roles ofβ-2 adrenergic receptors in inflammatory and hyperalgesic conditions.

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In this study, the effect of mirtazapine on rat kidneys versus ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damage was biochemically and histopathologically investigated. The results have shown that malondialdehyde (MDA) level of healthy rat group is 15.2 mol/g protein. The level of this substance was measured as 26.7 mol/g in only ischemia group. The MDA levels of IR and mirtazapine + renal ischemia-reperfusion (MRIR) groups were 39 ± 17.6 mol/g protein. While myeloperoxidase activity of healthy rat group was 20.2 u/g, the activities of only ischemia, IR, and MRIR groups were 28, 36.3, and 21 u/g, respectively. The glutathione levels were measured as 17.7, 12.8, 7.5, and 16.2 nmol/g in healthy, only ischemia, IR, and MRIR groups, respectively. Finally, glutathione S-transferase activities of healthy, only ischemia, IR, and MRIR groups were determined as 20, 13.8, 7.1, and 18.3 u/g, respectively. Histopathologically, while hemorrhage in interstitial area was observed in only ischemia group, significant tubular epithelial swelling, necrosis, and cast accumulation were seen in IR group. In MRIR group, only mild tubular epithelial swelling and mild hyaline cast accumulation were observed in kidney tissue. Consequently, it can be said that mirtazapine has a protective effect on IR-induced kidney damage.