Context: In this autopsy study, the various morphological patterns of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been analyzed and compared along with their etiopathogenesis. Aims: We aimed to study the prevalence and clinicopathological correlation of ARDS based on age, gender, hospital stay, symptoms, clinical diagnosis, gross, and microscopy findings. Subjects and Methods: Total 130 cases of ARDS were studied over a period of 5 years. Age, gender, hospital stay duration, symptoms, clinical diagnosis, gross and microscopic lung finding, clinicopathological correlation, and cause of death were documented and analyzed. Special stains were done whenever required. Statistical Analysis: This is an observational study, and simple statistics such as mean, median, and standard deviation have been used for continuous variables. Results: The prevalence of ARDS among the adult autopsy was 6.05%. Majority of the cases were in the age group of 18–30 years (36.9%), with a male: female ratio of 1.7:1. Chief complaints were fever (71%), breathlessness (54.6%), and chills (43.8%). The main clinical diagnoses were ARDS (41.6%), sepsis (28.3%), acute febrile illness (17%), and lower respiratory tract infection (12.5%). Most of the patients had a hospital stay of <1 day. Associated conditions mostly included chronic alcoholism (16.1%), pregnancy (16.1%), and chronic smoking (10.7%). Major findings on gross examination were intrapulmonary hemorrhage (38.5%), ARDS (33%), pulmonary edema (13%), and pneumonia (15.3%). On microscopy, major findings were hyaline membrane (84.6%), intrapulmonary hemorrhage (76.1%), pulmonary edema (75.3%), organizing fibrin (55.3%), and bronchopneumonia (36.2%). Conclusion: Infections were one of the major predisposing causes of ARDS. Due to the short interval, the underlying cause for ARDS often goes undiagnosed.

Introduction and Aims: Duodenal polyps are rare in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The present study is an experience of the histopathological spectrum of the duodenal polyps and its correlation with the clinical and endoscopic findings in a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: The present study is a 10-year retrospective study from the year 2011 to 2020. All the relevant clinical, endoscopic and radiologic findings were retrieved from the hospital medical records. Old histopathology slides were restained, and wherever required, special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed. All the cases were reviewed. The present study mainly included descriptive statistics with categorical and continuous variables. Results: Total 81 cases of duodenal polyps were studied in the period of 10 years. The median age was 48 years. Male: female ratio was 2.2:1. The most common presenting system was abdominal pain. We experienced both solitary and multiple polyps. Majority of the duodenal polyps were non-neoplastic, with unremarkable mucosa or inflammatory type. Unlike previous studies the most common site for the hyperplastic polyp in the present study was the first part of the duodenum. Among the neoplastic polyps, adenomatous polyp was the most common type. Contrary to the previous studies, our study showed the first part of the duodenum as the most common site for the sporadic nonampullary adenomatous duodenal polyps. Of the rare entities, we encountered a single case each of lipomatous polyp and gangliocytic paraganglioma. Among the syndromes we encountered two cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and one case of familial adenomatous polyp in our study population. Conclusion: Duodenal polyps are rare finding on endoscopic examinations, though most of them are non-neoplastic in nature, vigilant examination under the microcope is required to rule out any neoplastic pathology and identify the risk of malignancy.

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is an uncommon benign histiocytic disorder. It is found worldwide and slightly more common among in men (1.4:1), affecting individuals are with an average age of 20.6 years. Extranodal tissue involvement is documented in 25-43% of RDD patients. Here authors are discussing a case of 16-year-old male patient with the complaint of a single swelling over left forearm since one month with no lymphadenopathy. Radiology showed anechoic collection within the muscle and superficial to it. On microscopy, smear showed diffusely distributed histiocytes with cytoplasm showing intact lymphocytes with halo surrounding it (emperipolesis), without atypia. Based on cytomorphology diagnosis of Extranodal Rosai Dorfman Disease was made.

Background Lung malignancy is the most common cause of death worldwide. The main role of pathologist is to differentiate small cell from other cell types as treatment and prognosis varies. Although histopathology is routinely done, squash smears yield better cytomorphology. Aims and objectives To study the clinical history, evaluate the diagnostic yield by means of cytology and histopathology correlation followed by determination of sensitivity and specificity of squash smear cytology for detection of lung malignancies. Materials and methods The present study was an observational analytical study conducted over a period of 3.5 years. Total 60 squash smears were obtained by computed tomography-/bronchoscopy-guided biopsy and stained with Papanicolaou and May-Grunwald stain. Squash smears were correlated with histopathological findings. Statistical analysis Statistics in the form of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were done. Results Out of total 60 cases, 71.67% cases were males and 65% cases were smokers. Right lung was mostly involved (65%). The major symptom noted was dyspnea on exertion (90%). In 66.7% cases, malignancy was reported while in 10% suspicious and in 23.3% negative for malignancy. The most common malignancy diagnosed was squamous cell carcinoma (18.3%). The sensitivity and specificity of 92.1% and 83.3% were calculated respectively for squash smear, while the positive predictive value (PPV) was 94.6% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 76.9%. Conclusion Squash smear cytology utilization in diagnosis of lung malignancy is a simple, fast, and reliable procedure with good sensitivity and specificity. It can be used as complementary to histopathology when need arises.