Purpose Researchers have paid little attention to the relationship between employees' objective internal and external pay standing and their job performance. Moreover, few studies have considered that employees' objective pay standing is dynamic; that is, it changes over time. In this study, we analyze the relationship between changes in employees' objective internal and external pay standing and their job performance. Design/Methodology/Approach We test the hypotheses using data for players in the National Basketball Association over a period of 12 seasons (n = 4830). Findings Decreases in employees' objective internal and external pay standing are negatively related to their task performance. Furthermore, decreases in employees' objective internal pay standing, but not in their external pay standing, are negatively related to their contextual performance. Implications Analyzing the relationship between changes in employees' objective internal and external pay standing and their job performance adds to our understanding of the individual-level consequences of pay dispersion. Originality/Value This is one of the first studies to analyze the relationship between employees' objective internal and external pay standing and their job performance. Moreover, this is one of the first studies that considers that employees' objective internal and external pay standing changes, for example, because the external and internal labor markets change. The study contributes to research on employee compensation and salary, and to research on pay disparities.

Research on employee voice has highlighted the different nature of promotive and prohibitive voice. However, only few studies have explicitly analysed the implications of this distinction for showing voice. Therefore, to enhance our knowledge regarding the formation of employee voice, our article focuses on the moderating role of the message content. In a scenario-based study, we show that employees' decision to speak up might differ depending on what the message is about. In addition, we found evidence that some effects might be the same for both promotive and prohibitive voice, indicating that the distinction between both types of message content might be more complex than research currently assumes. The findings underline the need for more comparative research on the different natures of promotive and prohibitive voice.

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Die dynamische Umwelt und der zunehmende Wettbewerb in der Wirtschaft führen dazu, dass die Komplexität innerhalb von Unternehmen ansteigt. Um Arbeitsprozesse und -strukturen kontinuierlich reflektieren und anpassen zu können, gewinnt die Kommunikation von Vorschlägen, Anregungen, Missständen und Kritik im arbeitsbezogenen Kontext seitens der Mitarbeiter – bezeichnet als Employee Voice – an Bedeutung. Angesichts dessen verfolgt der Beitrag das Ziel, Employee Voice ausführlich zu beschreiben und dabei auf seine Formen, Einflussfaktoren und Auswirkungen einzugehen. Dies erfolgt gestützt auf empirische Erkenntnisse.