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Highlights  The developed model considers soil behavior in response to tunnel excavation.  Adaptive feature scaling factors are adopted to improve model performance. The relative importance of features related to ground settlement is prioritized. The model parameters can be determined automatically in the training process. ABSTRACTShield tunneling method is widely adopted in tunneling projects. Analysis of ground settlement is required as an effective way for minimizing the potential damage caused by tunneling. Many efforts have been devoted for this purpose using various methods such as empirical approaches and numerical modeling. However, there are multiple factors that may influence the ground settlement, and the shield-ground relationship is highly non-linear and complex. To understand the complex soil Moreover, the implementation of the adaptive RVM model is relatively simple. There is no need to set model parameters because they can be automatically optimized during model training, which makes the method a practical tool for geotechnical engineers to evaluate ground reactions during tunnel excavation.

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