Pectin was extracted using 0.1 N HCl at 90 8C for 120 min at pH 1.5 and 2.0 from pomelo peel and characterized in this study. Influence of various concentrations of extracted pomelo peel pectin on physicochemical, bioactive compounds, color, and sensory attributes of carrot jam during storage was also studied. Pectin extracted at pH 2.0 had higher ash content, equivalent weight, and total anhydrouronic acid content than that extracted at pH 1.0. Extracted pomelo peel pectin was categorized as high-methoxyl pectin based on the degree of esterification. The b-carotene and total phenol content were increased in jam after 90 days of storage. Ascorbic acid content decreased with increasing storage period. Jam prepared using commercial pectin had higher DE values than jam prepared using pomelo peel pectin. Physico-chemical properties were influenced by pectin concentrations and storage time. Overall acceptability was similar for all samples on the basis of sensory evaluation. The results showed that pomelo peel might be used as a rich source of pectin and pomelo peel pectin could be used as an alternative to commercial pectins for carrot jam preparation. Practical applicationsPectin is one of the main ingredients for jam and jelly making. Citrus fruits are main sources of pectin. Usually pomelo peels are discarded as waste materials. However, it could be a good source of pectin. In this article, pectin was extracted from pomelo peel and its application was observed as carrot jam during storage. Therefore, it can be concluded that extraction of pectin from pomelo peel might be used as an alternative to commercial pectin for carrot jam preparation. | I N TR ODU C TI ONThe most widely cultivated citrus fruits are the following: orange, lemon, lime, mandarin, grape fruit, and pomelo. Citrus fruit pulp consists of 60-65% peels, 30-35% segment, pulp, and 0-10% seeds (Afshar & Naser, 2008). Citrus by-products are considered as rich sources of phytochemicals, pectin, and dietary fibers (Afshar & Naser, 2008). Pectin is the methylated ester of polygalacturonic acid, which contains 1,4-linked a-D-galacturonic acid residues (Mesbahi, Jamaliana, & Farahnaky, 2005).Pectin can be divided into two types based on the degree of esterification (DE): high-methoxyl pectin (DE > 50%) and low-methoxyl pectin (DE < 50%) (Mesbahi et al., 2005). The main sources for commercial pectin production are apple pomace and citrus peels (Mesbahi et al., 2005). The extracted pectin from pomelo peel could be used as ingredient in jam production. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize pomelo peel pectin, as well as produce carrot jam, using various concentrations of pomelo peel pectin and compare with commercial pectin by performing nutritional quality and sensory evaluation during storage. | M A TE RI A L S A ND M E TH ODS | Sample collection and preparation of pomelo peel powderPomelo was purchased from the local market of Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The pomelos were washed carefully with tap water to remove dirt soil from the s...

This paper analyses the impact of Ukraine–Russia conflict on stock markets in Europe. We consider the stock markets of nine EU countries and Russia. The analysis consists of day-firm which includes the time between 24 November 2021 and 23 May 2022. We consider ordinary least squared (OLS) and fixed effects as baseline models. Additionally, we consider the impact of this conflict on stock return for several months, the elasticity test, the instrumental variable—two-stage least squared (2SLS) approach for the robustness test and endogeneity concerns. We find evidence of the negative impact of the Ukraine–Russia conflict on stock return of that stock markets. In addition, our finding indicates that the impact of this war on the mining construction and manufacturing sectors is greater than on other sectors because Russia and Ukraine are the key suppliers or exporters of mining and manufacturing sector. Our finding also indicates that Ukraine–Russia conflict largely affects stock return of Russian stocks because Russia is directly involved in the conflict.

Abstract:Derivativeinstruments have been a feature of modern financial markets for several decades. They play a pivotal role in managing the risk of underlying securities such as bonds, equity, equity indices, currency, and short-term interest rate asset or liability positions. With the development of Bangladesh's market economy, it now becomes very essential to establish a financial derivativemarket in the country.In our article, it is has been tried to explain in detail the theoretical framework of various types of derivative and their potential usage in strengthening capital market, capital structure of commercial banks, against the fluctuation of major import(petroleum) and export(RMG) sectors, and thus turning Bangladesh economy into a strong global one. In the last part of our study, some recommendations were given suggesting phase by phase establishment of financial derivative market are included.

PurposeGiven the importance of both research and development (R&D) investments and dividend policy in the growth of firms, this paper examines the moderating effects of investor protection and other country-level governance mechanisms on the relationship between R&D investments and dividend payments in the firms from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS countries).Design/methodology/approachThis empirical study uses a sample of 22,073 firm year observations from the BRICS countries over a period of 2008–2020 and employs both ordinary least squared (OLS) and system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation methods. The GMM estimation controls for unobservable heterogeneity and endogeneity and reduces estimation bias.FindingsThe findings indicate that although R&D intensity is negatively related with the cash dividend payments, with the interaction of investor protection and other country-level mechanisms the relationship between R&D intensity and dividend payments becomes positive. The results further show that investor protection has stronger impact on the relationship between R&D intensity and firm cash dividend payments than other selected country-level governance factors.Practical implicationsThe research findings should encourage the policy makers in BRICS countries to strengthen investor protection and enhance quality of their institutions to make a right balance between retaining their growth potential and maintaining the value of the firms.Originality/valueThis is the first study to provide evidence of the moderating effects of investor protection and other country-level governance mechanisms on the relationship between R&D investments and dividend payments using the data from BRICS countries.

This research is conducted on Eastland Insurance Company Limited. It is accomplished on the “The Evaluation of the policies and performance of Eastland Insurance Company Limited”. This study also includes the information on the overview of Eastland Insurance Company Limited, theoretical analysis of insurance and legal framework of insurance industry Bangladesh on. This research is prepared primarily to have clear and real life ideas about the position of Eastland Insurance Company in insurance sector of Bangladesh. The research focuses on the major challenges of insurance industry in Bangladesh that obstruct smooth development of Bangladesh. This study conveys the message that if the insurance companies are operated very smoothly, the insurance sector will flourish very fast way.