OTX2 is a homeoprotein transcription factor expressed in photoreceptors and bipolar cells in the retina. OTX2, like many other homeoproteins, transfers between cells and exerts non-cell autonomous effects such as promoting the survival of retinal ganglion cells that do not express the protein. Here we used a genetic approach to target extracellular OTX2 in the retina by conditional expression of a secreted single-chain anti-OTX2 antibody. Compared with control mice, the expression of this antibody by parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the retina is followed by a reduction in visual acuity in 1-month-old mice with no alteration of the retinal structure or cell type number or aspect. The a-waves and b-waves measured by electroretinogram were also indistinguishable from those of control mice, suggesting no functional deficit of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Mice expressing the OTX2-neutralizing antibody did show a significant doubling in the flicker amplitude and a reduction in oscillatory potential, consistent with a change in inner retinal function. Our results show that interfering in vivo with OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity in the postnatal retina leads to an alteration in inner retinal cell functions and causes a deficit in visual acuity.
Abstract-The enhanced form of client-server, cluster and grid computing is termed as Cloud Computing. The cloud users can virtually access the resources over the internet. Task submitted by cloud users are responsible for efficiency and performance of cloud computing services. One of the most essential factors which increase the efficiency and performance of cloud environment by maximizing the resource utilization is termed as Task Scheduling. This paper deals with the survey of different scheduling algorithms used in cloud providers. Different scheduling algorithms are available to achieve the quality of service, performance and minimize execution time. Task scheduling is an essential downside within the cloud computing that has to be optimized by combining different parameter. This paper explains the comparison of several job scheduling techniques with respect to several parameters, like response time, load balance, execution time and makespan of job to find the best and efficient task scheduling algorithm under these parameters. The comparison of scheduling algorithms is also discussed in tabular form in this paper which helps in finding the best algorithms.
a These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: 179 words; significance statement: 118 words; introduction: 463 words; discussion: 1344 words.Acknowledgements: none.Conflict of interest: KLM and AP are listed on patents for the use of homeoproteins to treat neurodegenerative disease and each holds equity in a start up with that aim. AbstractOTX2 is a homeoprotein transcription factor expressed in photoreceptors and bipolar cells in the retina. OTX2, like many other homeoproteins, transfers between cells and exerts non-cell autonomous effects such as promoting survival of retinal ganglion cells that do not express the protein. Here we used a genetic approach to target extracellular OTX2 in the retina by conditional expression of a secreted single chain anti-OTX2 antibody. Compared to control mice, the expression of this antibody by Parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the retina is followed by a reduction in visual acuity in one-month-old mice with no alteration of the retinal structure or cell type number or aspect. A-and b-waves measured by electroretinogram were also indistinguishable from control mice, suggesting no functional deficit of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Mice expressing the OTX2-neutralizing antibody did show a significant doubling in the flicker amplitude, consistent with a change in inner retinal function. Our results demonstrate that interfering in vivo with OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity in the postnatal retina leads to an alteration in inner retinal cell functions and causes a deficit in visual acuity. OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity regulates inner retinal function 4 Significance statement OTX2 is a homeoprotein transcription factor expressed in retinal photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Although the Otx2 locus is silent in the inner retina, the protein is detected in cells of the ganglion cell layer consistent with the ability of this class of proteins to transfer between cells. We expressed a secreted single chain antibody (scFv) against OTX2 in the retina to neutralize extracellular OTX2. Antibody expression leads to reduced visual acuity with no change in retinal structure, or photoreceptor or bipolar physiology; however, activity in the inner retina was altered. Thus, interfering with OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity in postnatal retina alters inner retinal function and causes vision loss, highlighting the physiological value of homeoprotein direct non-cell autonomous signaling. OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity regulates inner retinal function
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